Mid-Term Essay Essay Example for Free

Mid-Term Essay This exposition will concentrate on the impact family foundation and beloved recollections have on journalists and the topic of their works. In both the expositions picked for nitty gritty examination here, we perceive how the authors’ reasoning of life and things that they decided to investigate and expound on was slowed down route in their adolescence because of the injuries they confronted. This paper will introduce an examination of how the groups of Sanders and Maduro molded the manner in which these creators get themselves and identify with others. Scott Russell Sanders was the victor of the Mark Twain Award in 2009 and his work A Private History of Awe was designated for the Pulitzer Prize. Conceived in Memphis, Tennessee, to a group of cotton ranchers, Sanders showed Literature and filled in as Professor of English at Indiana University. The primary vision behind his composing is the move in societies from a consumerist to a consideration giving society (Sanders). In his exposition, â€Å"Under the Influence: Paying the Price for my Father’s Booze†, Sanders had chronicled the injury he and his kin needed to suffer in view of his father’s liquor abuse. In this diary Sander’s describes the sentiments of blame, disgrace and defenseless that he felt as an offspring of ten when he saw his father’s precarious and brutal upheavals subsequent to becoming inebriated. He reprimanded himself for it and that sentiment of blame harassed him for an incredible duration. â€Å"I disclose to myself he beverages to ease [†¦] a throb I more likely than not brought about by baffling him somehow† (Sanders). To make amends for his apparent deficiencies as a kid Sanders attempted to go to trying sincerely and attempting to keep the family together and taking on his father’s duties, â€Å"by vainly looking to eradicate through my endeavors whatever drove him to drink† (Sanders). Sanders sees that his own youngsters wonder at what drives him to be a â€Å"workaholic† and attempts to alleviate their apprehensions and any feeling of blame or weight they may feel by being open about his own sentiments of blame, hurt and disgrace at his father’s liquor addiction. On development he understood that he had rebuked himself unnecessarily as a kid and that his father’s liquor abuse was an infection and he had no motivation to feel liable for it. Nonetheless, his dread of beverages and awful direct that he had seen as a kid had left a profound scar in his spirit. He is hesitant about going to bars with his companions and drinking as much as he fears making hurt or disillusionment anyone. He is continually careful of any unfriendly responses from individuals around him and still conveys the disgrace of his father’s â€Å"sins† where it counts inside him and avoids having that aspect of his life uncovered in broad daylight. The name E. S. Maduro is an alias which the creator discusses her women's activist convictions and her feelings on opportunity of decision and mindfulness for ladies. She records how her own young sentiments of resistance to the accepted practices of marriage and bringing up kids changed upon development however how she clung to her conviction that ladies ought to have the attention to settle on choices for themselves. They ought to be permitted to pick their vocation ways as indicated by their desires and not be constrained into cliché jobs because of cultural weights. In the article â€Å"Excuse Me While I Explode: My Mother, Myself, My Anger† the author portrays her sentiments of outrage, blame and disappointments when she portrays the account of how her mom and ladies of that age needed to forfeit their professions and all their life’s wants to suit their families and their obligations as home producers and moms. â€Å"Excuse Me While I Explode: My Mother, Myself, My Anger† originally showed up in print as an article in a book entitled The Bitch in the House. In this article Maduro has expounded on her disappointment at the imbalance ladies face in the public eye. It basically manages her tension at how she being a post-present day lady who was taught and freed fell back and did likewise things that she has found so detestable in her mom. She had felt disobedient at the manner in which her mom and most ladies needed to surrender their own fantasies of a decent and fruitful life to slave at family unit errands and bringing up kids. â€Å"Years ago† a lady didn't have a decision to voice her conclusions and the job of maid and devoted mother was pushed onto her without even an idea about how she felt about it. Her drudge was underestimated and the life partner didn't think it unseemly to permit his better half to do all the housework when he could without much of a stretch have offered to help. â€Å"I trusted myself to be a women's activist, and I promised never to fall into a similar snare of local fatigue and subjugation that I considered my to be as being completely dug in; never to make due with an actual existence that was, from my perspective, lacking freedom, authority, and respect† (Maduro 5). Nonetheless, as she became more seasoned and had her own understanding of adoring and living with her accomplice she was astonished that she followed a similar example unwittingly and oversaw both house and work regardless of her accomplice needing to assist her with the errands. She considers why this is so in light of the fact that she trusted herself to know about her privileges not at all like her mom and in full order over her livelihood and what she deeply desired, yet she slaved at family unit tasks: I feel an odd blend of disappointment and love. Together we have a magnificent, open, confiding in relationship, however at times I wonder if the antagonistic vibe as of now in me, and my should resent a person or thing, could inevitably annihilate our bond (Maduro 12). The article is a contemplation of why she decided. She thinks of the theory that ladies decided to take on residential obligations regardless of whether it implied renouncing their very own portion wants since it made a lady glad to be a practiced home producer and mother. She recognized this need in a lady to exceed expectations in housekeeping as a wellspring of joy and satisfaction. She thinks about the polarity among adoration and dissatisfaction, profession and home, bringing up kids and livelihood lastly discovers comfort in the way that not at all like her mom she was not constrained into subjugation. She did what she did in light of the fact that she needed to do it, she had the alternative of dismissing and that had a major effect. She can resolve her contention and furthermore that of numerous other ladies by repeating that deciding to be a decent servant and mother was an alternative and you could decide to be one regardless of whether you felt unequivocally for the reason for women's liberation. Works Cited Maduro, E. S. â€Å"Excuse Me While I Explode: My Mother, Myself, My Anger†. The Bitch in the House. Cathy Hanauer. New York: Harper Collins, 2002. Print. Sanders, Russell Scott. â€Å"Under the Influence: Paying the Price for my Father’s Booze† Harpers Magazine Nov 1989: n. pag. Web. 2 Jun 2010.

Book Review Template Essay

Outline: This can emerge out of the book coat or a site, yet it must be brief and it must be refered to. You may likewise decide to compose your own outline; wherein case you ought to quickly mention to the peruser what the story is about. Where and when does it occur? Who are the fundamental characters? What sorts of issues they run into? My Review: Begin by clarifying why you picked this book in any case. Next, remark on the associations you found between the characters/individuals in the book and your very own encounters (content to self), different characters or individuals you’ve read about or experienced in film or TV (content to content), or individuals you’ve caught wind of, all things considered (content to world). Follow this with your assessment of the book. What did you like about it? Give a model (quote an entry) and clarify why you loved this. Remark on what you didn't care for about the book. Give a model (quote an entry) and clarify why you didn't care for this. (In remarking on what you did or didn’t like, think about composing regarding how well the creator: breathes life into characters or individuals, holds your enthusiasm for terms of recounting to the story, or uses language to paint an unmistakable and fascinating image of the characters, the setting, and the activity of the story.) Important note: Do NOT part with the story’s finishing. Finish up with your suggestion for different perusers. Do you suggest this book? Why and for whom? (Think about age, understanding level, kind, and subject.) Rating: what number stars do you give this book on a size of 1-5? Certifications: Describe your qualifications as a peruser. (Start by distinguishing your status as an understudy: class name and period, and school name.) Then, portray what sort of peruser you are. (How regularly do you read? What amount do you read? What sort of books or content sorts do you regularly peruse for yourâ own purposes?)

Need Cash Fast Try These 10 Great Side Hustles

Need Cash Fast Try These 10 Great Side Hustles Need Cash Fast? Try These 10 Great Side Hustles Need Cash Fast? Try These 10 Great Side HustlesWhen you’re in a pinch, earning some extra money is a much better option than a predatory payday loan.The thing about surprise expenses is that they’re impossible to anticipate. If they weren’t, they wouldn’t be surprises. One second your car is working fine, the next it’s stalled out on the side of the road. One second your boiler is humming along, the next your basement is filled with smelly, black smoke. Life comes at you fast and it often leaves behind a hefty bill.The best way to handle these kinds of emergency expenses is to have a dedicated emergency fund. But for some folks, those kinds of savings just aren’t a possibility. Taking out a loan is always an optionâ€"but folks whose credit is less-than-great might find themselves at the mercy of predatory payday and title lenders. And while OppLoans offers affordable installment loans that give you a safer, more responsible alternative to payday and title loans, getting a ny loan isn’t the only option available.A great way to deal with emergency expenses is to go out and earn the cash to pay for them. That could mean taking a second job with a maid service or your local fast food joint, but there are also tons of side hustles out there that give you a lot more independence.That’s why we reached out to a bunch of experts for some great ways to earn fast cash. We’ve got recommendations from:Gertrude Nonterah (@GeeNonterah), side hustle expert and the founder of myonlinebizjourney.comKelan and Brittany Kline, who blog about personal finance as The Savvy Couple (@TheSavvyCouple)GreenPal (@YourGreenPal) CEO Bryan ClaytonTED Global Speaker and author of The Homeless Entrepreneur, Becky Blanton (@BeckyBlanton_)Here are 10 of their top recommendations1.     Mystery shopping“If you are great with acting/pretending, this will be a great one for you. You essentially are an independent contractor for market research companies that hire you to go into par ticular stores, pose as a shopper using a specified scenario script so you can gather information for them. Mystery shopping pays anywhere from $10 to $50 per shop depending on the scenario. All youre doing is asking questions and noting the answers so you can report back. You can even make it a part of your weekly shopping trips.” Gertrude Nonterah2. Moving services“Make up some business cards ($20 if you get them done) and leave them with local Storage Facilities if people are looking for movers (they always are). You don’t even need a truck. Most people rent trucks from U-Haul and need drivers and loaders.” Becky Blanton3. Drop shippingKelan Kline (The Savvy Couple) shares this story about the $50K drop shipping (fulfilling retail orders from home) business he started in college…“When I was fourteen years old going into my freshman year my parents told me to get a job. The three words no high school kid wants to hear. Instead of getting a job I decided I would start selling things on eBay to make enough to make my parents happy.“After selling anything I could get my hands-on, including things I should not have, I started looking into drop shipping.   I had tried a few drop shipping companies even a couple that provided a free website to sell from with very little luck.“I kept searching and finally came across Doba.com, it changed everything! I bought a lifetime membership for $1,000 (which they no longer offer). I now had hundreds of thousands of products at my fingertips that I could increase the price and keep the profit from.“I found that Amazon was the bestselling platform due to their high-volume traffic and deep trust.“I continued to work on my drop shipping business EpicBuyz throughout high school and got very good at it. In college, my drop shipping business on average took in $50,000 a year in revenue. My profit on my sales would range anywhere from 8â€"15%, not a bad side hustle for a college student!“I still continue to se ll our used items on eBay and Amazon. I have the mindset if it’s not being used it’s worth money to someone else.“My drop shipping side hustle really set us up for success in running our blog. We started our blog TheSavvyCouple.com 10 months ago and will reach over 20,000 page views this month. Affiliate marketing is another very exciting online business with unlimited income potential.”(Check out Kelan’s interview with Doba’s CEO.)4. Become a lumper“A lumper is anyone who manually handles freight in a warehouse. They make from $60 to $350 per hour or job depending on the freight. Same day pay. Lots of articles online debate lumping, say you have to register, but most strong, healthy looking hard working men or women can generally find work lumping, and repeat work if they’re good and dependable.” Becky Blanton5. Selling on Craigslist“Old items around my house have brought me around $400 a month before. The key here is to take multiple pictures of the item and d escribe the item as thoroughly as possible. To find a fair but good price to make it worth your while, you can check out store websites like Walmart.com to gain a good idea of what the item costs at full price.” Gertrude Nonterah6. Lawn care with GreenPalIf you have knack for yard work, you could earn money on the side through GreenPal, often described as “Uber for Lawn Care.”Bryan Clayton CEO of GreenPal, explains:“Our system has over 500 vendor partners in seven states throughout the county.”“Many of our lawn care vendors are part-timers. Some are   firemen, some teachers that use our app in the summer to make extra money, others are college students that work afternoons and weekends, and it is the perfect way for them to make extra money.”“Our average vendor makes around $55 per hour mowing lawns on our system They set their own hours and pick the clients they want to work for,   it is the perfect side job.”7. Be a driver“If you have a CDL license you can mak e money fast moving cars, trucks, rentals etc. around the country. There’s always Uber, Left and other taxi services, but I know people who charge $10-$20 an hour to run errands, deliver groceries, etc. using their personal vehicle. Check your insurance first if you’re hauling people around, but many businesses need delivery for small items.”   Becky Blanton8. Avon salesBrittany Kline had a great experience working as a salesperson for Avon…“Similar to Kelan, I was told to get a job out of high school as well. After doing research, I decided to join Avon and start selling. I went through the training they provided, but I was never someone who pushed my business on to others. I started with ordering extra catalogs and going around on my bike hanging up bags on my neighbor’s mailboxes. It slowly took off.“When a woman at my mom’s work stopped selling Avon, it was the perfect in for me. My mom would bring catalogs to work with her and she would collect the orders from her co-workers. When the orders came in, we would bag them together and she would deliver and receive payment. We were a great team.“I sold to a close circle of friends and their family members for a long time. It was the perfect side hustle to cover my gas commuting to college or to cover my cell phone bill. Selling as a direct sales representative for 9 years was the perfect side hustle for me.”9. Online yard sales“Yard sales used to be on weekends and you had to drive there, look through crap and hope to find something you wanted or needed. Now you can go on Facebook, search on classifieds or yard sales and your area and find, OR SELL anything online. I make $200 + a month for less than an hour’s work uploading and selling clothes, books, furniture etc. online. ALWAYS meet the buyer at a public place a grocery store parking lot, etc.someplace where there are people around. If you’re selling electronics, watches, coins or cameras, phones etc. meet INSIDE a store. You’ re less likely to be mugged or robbed.”   Becky Blanton10) Amazon Flex“This is something my husband actually started recently and he makes between $200-$400 per week. Amazon Flex is a service that gives people the opportunity to quickly deliver items people have ordered from Amazons website (and indicated that wanted same/1-day delivery) from a regional Amazon location. The deliveries are local and so you will not spend a ton on gas. For something that brings in $1000-$2000 per month for my family, Id say this one is a winner!” Gertrude NonterahIf you have a great fast cash side gig that isn’t on this list, we’d love to hear about! You can get in touch with us on Twitter at @OppLoans.Visit OppLoans on YouTube | Facebook | Twitter | LinkedINContributorsBecky Blanton (@BeckyBlanton_) is a TED Global speaker, blogger, ghostwriter, and founder of The Homeless Entrepreneur a nonprofit that offers Suitcase to Briefcase, a training program that teaches those experiencing homel essness how to start their own business.Bryan Clayton (@YourGreenPal)  is the CEO of GreenPal, an online marketplace connecting homeowners with local lawn care professionals. Bryan is a serial entrepreneur in the lawn and landscaping industry having built and sold Peach Tree Inc., a Nashville based landscape group, growing the firm to over 120 employees to ultimate acquisition by Landscapes USA.Kelan and Brittany Kline aka The Savvy Couple (@TheSavvyCouple) are two thriving millennials that are daring to live differently. They started their personal finance blog September 2016 to help others get money $avvy so they can live a frugal and free lifestyle. Brittany is a full-time 4th-grade teacher and Kelan runs The Savvy Couple full-time and works as a digital marketer. You can follow them here: Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram.Gertrude Nonterah (@GeeNonterah) is a research scientist trying to save premature infants by day and blogger/freelance writer by night. She is also t he founder of MyOnlineBizJourney.com an educational website that focusses on teaching people how to plan and launch their own side hustles using online tools and skills they already have.

Beowulf And The Pagan Elements - 1944 Words

Beowulf was written in England about sometime in the 8th century. This provides us with an idea of that when the poem was written during a time when society was in the process if being converted from the Paganism Religion to the Christianity Religion. The Christian influences were combined with the early folklores and heroic legends of the German tribes, that whether or not Christian and bible influences were added later on to the original document. The fact that Christianity and Paganism were so closely intertwined with each other in the poem is the reason that Beowulf has both of the influences of Christianity and Paganism influences. The Pagan elements in the poem of Beowulf are shown by the character’s having superhuman personifications. Beowulf is depicted as a superhero, who takes it upon himself to save the great Danes from the monster Grendel. In his battle with Grendel, Beowulf chooses not to use weapons against the monster Grendel. He wants to fight him in a fair fig ht, he relies on his super strength to win the fight. During the fight, his strength takes over and he wrestles with Grendel until he is able to rip, Grendel’s arm out of socket. Let’s start with how Christianity was introduced, by the character Beowulf always trusting in god as his protector and how that God uses him as an epic hero type to slay the monsters Grendel and the other monsters as well that are hurting King Hrothgar and his people. Beowulf’s courage and faith is shown throughout the story,Show MoreRelatedChristian and Pagan Elements in Beowulf926 Words   |  4 PagesChards CHRISTIAN AND PAGAN ELEMENTS IN BEOWULF The poem Beowulf is full of Pagan and Christian elements, this combination gave place to many discutions about the origin of the poem. On the one hand some scholars have said that this is the result of a transcription made by some monks where they added the christian elements, on the other hand it is believed that the poem was written in a period in which the Anglo-Saxons were being converted from their worship of Germanic Pagan gods to the ChristianRead MoreTheme Of Christian And Pagan Elements In Beowulf978 Words   |  4 Pageseowulfs representation of Pagan and Christian elements Beowulf was written during the time that society was in the process of converting from Paganism to Christianity. Early Christianity developed in the Roman Empire, where many religions were practiced and formed into paganism. Paganism is commonly used to refer to various, largely unconnected religions and beliefs from that time period. Beowulf was written in England between the 8th and 11th century. The name of the author is unknown, but referredRead MoreComparing Beowulf And The Epic Of Beowulf937 Words   |  4 PagesEmpire. In the story Beowulf, his actions portray him, indeed be an epic hero. Both Christianity and Paganism are both portrayed throughout the epic Beowulf. Beowulf frequently speaks of God throughout the story, while there are also many Pagan elements that are evident throughout the story as well. In addition, It s hard to ignore the Christian and Pagan elements in Beowulf. These types of elements are what define the heroic warrior in the epic Beowulf(Vengeance the P agan and Christian Inspiration)Read MoreTheme Of Paganism In Beowulf1179 Words   |  5 Pageslongest epic poem ever written in the genre of Old English is â€Å"Beowulf†, it has been composed in the native language as spoken during the Anglo-Saxon reign in England, preceding the Norman Conquest. Beowulf is regarded as a classic tale which relates the defeat of evil and triumph of good. The poem is divided into three acts. Christian and Pagan Influences in Beowulf: The Pagan deities, rituals as well as pagan ideas influenced Beowulf, when it was being created, though the passing down of the epicRead MorePaganism In Beowulf953 Words   |  4 PagesChristianity and Paganism in Beowulf Beowulf was composed when England was transitioning from a pagan to a Christian culture. In chapter 3 of A Little History of Literature, it is said that Beowulf was likely written by a Christian monk who inserted Christian themes into the story. This is why Beowulf reflects both Christian and pagan views. These two religions and their elements affect the story in different ways. There are pagan views of fate and fame in Beowulf, but there are also ChristianRead MoreBeowulf Is A Pagan Work Essay519 Words   |  3 Pages The poem Beowulf was written in England sometime in the 8th century. It was written during a time when the society was in the process of being converted from paganism to Christianity. The Christian influences are combined with early folklore and heroic legends of Germanic tribes. Yet, the pagan elements in the epic poem Beowulf clearly overshadow the Christian elements, and it is visible in the character’s superhuman personifications, their hunger for revenge, and their strong belief in fateRead More Beowulf: Christian Vs Pagan Influence Essay1652 Words   |  7 Pages The European epic, Beowulf, was written sometime in the eighth century in England. This time period provides us with an idea for the mixture of Christian and pagan elements because of an English society that was in the process of converting from Paganism to Christianity. Examples of Pagan and Christian traditions are presented all throughout literature. Many of the influences deal with what it going on in the world, when the piece is written. When Beowulf was written, St. Augustine had just comeRead MoreBeowulf as a Pagan Oral Tradition Essay1658 Words   |  7 Pages The unknown author of Beowulf uses examples throughout the poem that suggest the story comes from an oral tradition. In the poem Beowulf, a Germanic scop, or bard, recites poetry orally, or in a song, usually telling stories about historical triumphs and adventures. These poets were referred to in this epic poem as carriers of tales..., traditional singer[s] deeply schooled in the lore[s] of the past (Beowulf 50). T his was common in Germanic culture. Scops would keep folkloric heroes aliveRead MoreChristianity : The Rise Of Christianity1512 Words   |  7 PagesAnglo-Saxon tradition, which is from where the epic poem Beowulf is thought to have originated circa 550 AD. Due to the origins of Beowulf being surrounded by Pagan tradition and culture and reliance on the method of oral recitation of the story, the poem holds Pagan influences. Examples of these influences include the monsters that Beowulf faces in the story, idol worship, and burning the dead among many other elements. Also around the time of Beowulf, the rise of the Jesus Movement, which eventually becameRead MoreReconciling Ingrained Traditions with Newly Emerging Christianity1203 Words   |  5 Pages Before the eighth century, England was a pagan society, the English originated from a society marred in idolatry and polytheism. The intermingling of Christian and pagan elements in Beowulf are consistent with the attitudes toward religion that are found in Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Beowulf was written in the Middle Ages (500-1000) on Scandinavia, which was a highly pagan society, however the narrator is telling this story within the timeframe of medieval Anglo-Saxon

Film Analysis You Is Kind - 1577 Words

â€Å"You is kind. You is smart. You is important,† is one of the most iconic lines from The Help, which makes this film successful. When considering all of the aspects of film, this particular movie seems to outshine those aspects. The film provides a sense of reality given the time period and takes on the issue of racism. It also provides us with the experience of racism through all aspects, whether it be through the maids or Skeeter, which is the main character. The film is able to incorporate various themes providing versatility and more viewpoints. The Help uses incredible cinematography skills, as well as editing skills. The actors chosen for each role were able to submerge themselves into their characters adding to the success of the movie. Directing was also a major contribution to the success, due to the exquisite camera use and scenery of the movie. The costumes added to the character’s personalities and were appropriate for the time period. The sound went per fectly with the setting of the movie, adding to the reality of the film. The Help was a successful, iconic movie due to all of the processes that go into making a film. The Help is set in Jackson, Mississippi during the 1960s. During this time period, the Civil Rights movement was occurring which is why the racism issue is predominately the theme of this movie. Skeeter, played by Emma Stone, comes home from college and learns very quickly that the issue of racism is still present. The maids, whom are mainlyShow MoreRelated Casino Royale 1233 Words   |  5 Pages The James bond film series has captivated its audience for decades with eye-catching gadgets, explosions, and heroism of Agent 007. Over the years that these films have been produced, a variety of actors have played James bond and many actresses have played his love interests. The male roles are portrayed as overly masculine and all of the women are overly sexualized. It seems that in every James bond movie the special agent is beating up twenty guys and saving the lives of various gorgeousRead MoreReview Of 10 Things I Hate About You Chick Flick Essay1077 Words   |  5 PagesAbout You Chick Flick Analysis A Chick Flick as broadly agreed upon is the kind of films that mostly appeal to a female audience. Even the name itself is a bit offensive. It implies that films having female characters are appealing just to women spectators, and films with men, as protagonists are more commonly considered as widespread, while those who have bunches of ladies in them are so called Chick Flicks, and in this way, a corner shallow kind. MostRead MorePieter1307 Words   |  6 Pagesthe masses.† Malcolm X Mass communication to Everyone. Disseminating Information to a wide Audience. What is Media? The media is the means of mass communication, such as newspapers, magazines, radio, television and film. The media disseminates meaning to a mass audience. The word media is derived from the Latin â€Å"medium†, which means â€Å"an agency; or the way something is communicated or expressed†. What is Media Studies? Media Studies is the study of howRead MoreFilm Analysis of Jaws Essay953 Words   |  4 PagesFilm Analysis of Jaws The film Jaws was directed by a popular director called Steven Spielburg. Steven Spielburg directed some great well known films, e.g. E.T, Close Encounters of the 3rd kind and this film is a good example. The film Jaws is about a gargantuan great shark which is a man eating shark. The shark attacks many people in different terrifying and horrifying ways throughout the film and the shark slaughtered many people throughout the film. The film showsRead MoreEssay about Imax Case1148 Words   |  5 PagesExecutive Summary This analysis lays out the basic concepts, key issues, Internal, and external analysis. It also includes my strategic recommendations on the possible direction that could be taken based on the case study. Basic Concepts The IMAX strategy is two pronged. The 1st prong is to expand beyond institutional environments by opening IMAX theatres within multiplexes or convert existing multiplex screens. 2nd the launch of more Hollywood films in IMAX format. Key Issues 1.) Could IMAXRead MoreCritical Analysis on Schindlers List Essay923 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Analysis on Schindlers List In this assignment, I will present a critical analysis on Schindlers List. Schindlers List is a masterpiece, which was directed by arguably, the greatest director of all time, Steven Spielberg. Steven Spielberg is Jewish, so to recall the most tragic and horrific event in Jewish history or you may say the history of man-kind takes a lot of guts and determination. 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Often showing interaction between people from different cultures, the advantage of films is that they can highlight, focus, entertain and inspire us in ways that help us become more thoughtful about the people and cultures that we encounter. (Quast, B.) This is a film analysis of the cultural clashes and communication challenges that exists due to cultural differences betweenRead MorePeter Pan Movie vs Book Essay example918 Words   |  4 PagesThe Barrie book and the Disney film present a big number of elements that match and of facets that are completely distinct. Firstly, the 1953 movie respects the narrative lines and the main personal characteristics. Peter Pan, for example, is as cocky, courageous and forgetful as he is in the book, just as Tinker Bell is as jealous, but possibly in a slightly less sexual way. The most important moral values followed by the book are also maintained by the Disney feature, such as the pricelessnessRead MoreFantasy Rhetoric Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesSummary and Analysis of Katherine Fowkes’s Fantasy Films A Rhetoric Analysis consists of a multitude of attributes some larger than others and some not specifically require. Among those are certain attributes that are what provides the foundation of any Rhetoric work, Logos, Pathos, and Ethos or persuasive appeal. My job is to show you the other attributes consisting of the context of the argument, the authors’ attitude, and the tone of the overall work. So first I will have to fill you in to Katherine

Capital budget Free Essays

string(184) " several months or old ages to retrieve the initial cost of the undertaking hard currency consideration is ever critical, peculiarly for directors to measure undertakings at one clip\." Introduction: In a recession, irrespective of where they work in your organisation, and apprehension of fiscal constructs to assist you make your occupation better and lend to the community ‘s attempts to remain in concern and go on to harvest the net incomes. And the concentration of companies are now more than of all time, the Numberss of those who are seeking to remain afloat, and you can go financially faster read and write and get down to lend to the negotiations on the bottom line, the faster will be able to assist the squad. Support is the scientific discipline of money direction. We will write a custom essay sample on Capital budget or any similar topic only for you Order Now Areas of public finance, corporate finance and personal finance ( financing from the private sector ) , and public finance. This includes funding and salvage money and frequently include borrowing money. The field of fiscal minutess with the constructs of clip and money, hazard, and how they were connected. It besides looks at how to pass the money and the budget. One of the facets of support through persons and concerns, that money is deposited in the bank. Then the bank lends money to other persons or companies for the intent of ingestion or investing and involvement costs on loans. Loans have become progressively packaged for resale, which means that the investor purchases the loan ( debt ) from a bank or straight from the company. Chemical bonds and debt instruments sold to investors for organisations such as authoritiess, companies or charities. The investor can so press on the debt and cod involvement or sell the debt on the secondary market. The chief Bankss and agents for funding through the proviso of recognition, although private equity, investing financess, hedge financess, and other organisations are the importance of puting in assorted signifiers of faith. Managed fiscal assets, known as investings, with a focal point on fiscal hazard direction to command fiscal hazards. Fiscal instruments are traded that allows many signifiers of asset-backed securities in the securities markets, and stock exchanges, including debt such as bonds and portions in listed companies. Cardinal Bankss, such as Bankss, Federal Reserve System of the United States and the Bank of England in the United Kingdom, are strong participants in the field of public fundss, the loaner of last resort, every bit good as the strong influence of pecuniary and recognition conditions in the economic system. Capital budget And capital outgo is passing money for the undertaking which is expected to bring forth hard currency flow for a period transcending one twelvemonth. Examples of undertakings include investings in belongings, works and equipment, research and development, and big advertisement runs, or any other undertaking requires capital outgo and generates a watercourse of future hard currency flows. Because the capital outgos could be rather big and have a important impact on the fiscal public presentation of the company, given great importance to the choice of undertakings. This procedure is called capital budgeting. Standards for capital budgeting determinations Potentially, a broad scope of standards for the choice of undertakings. Some stockholders may be the company to place undertakings that demonstrate extremums immediate hard currency flow, and others may desire to stress the long-run growing with small importance on public presentation in the short term. Viewed in this manner, it would be really hard to run into the diverse involvements of all stockholders. Fortunately, there is a solution. The company ‘s end is to maximise current stockholder value. This end requires that the undertakings should be undertaken that lead to positive net nowadays value, ie the present value of expected hard currency flows, and net present value of capital disbursement required. Using the net nowadays value ( NPV ) as a step of the capital budget involves placing undertakings that increase the value of the company, because they have a positive net nowadays value. The timing and rate of growing of hard currency flows from the of import merely to the extent of their impact on the net present value. Using the net present value as the criterion by which to place undertakings presumed efficiency of capital markets so that the company has entree to all that is required capital undertakings to follow up positive net nowadays value. In instances where this is non the instance, there may be capital rationing and capital budgeting procedure becomes more complicated. Note that it is the duty of the company to make up one’s mind whether to delight a certain group of stockholders who prefer more or less long-run consequences. Once the company had chosen these undertakings to maximise the net nowadays value, and it is up to single stockholders to utilize capital markets to borrow or impart in order to travel the exact day of the month of the hard currency flows of the forward or backward. This basic thought in chief agent relationship exists between stockholders and directors. Despite all the picks may be single, and the common end is to maximise the present value of the company. Alternate regulations for the capital budget While the net present value is the regulation that maximizes value for stockholders, ever, and some companies use other standards to make up one’s mind on the capital budget, such as: internal rate of return on ego ) Profitability index Payback period Back to Book Value In some instances, investing determinations originating from the internal rate of return and profitableness index methods agree with those of the net present value. Decisions taken by the recovery period and return on book value methods are normally non optimum from the point of view of the value of portions to the maximal extent. Pay period What is the size How long does it take to retrieve the financess invested in the undertaking. Why is it of import On a consecutive line method, recovery period is the easiest manner to find the potency of investing in a big undertaking. The direction expressed in a timely mode, and will take several months or old ages to retrieve the initial cost of the undertaking hard currency consideration is ever critical, peculiarly for directors to measure undertakings at one clip. You read "Capital budget" in category "Essay examples" This appraisal becomes even more of import if you include the consideration of what the present value of grosss in the hereafter will be. How does it work in pattern Amortization period is the right expression is as follows: Payback period = cost of the undertaking ‘s one-year hard currency grosss A ; divide ; Therefore, if a undertaking costs $ 100,000 and would bring forth $ 28,000 per twelvemonth, the payback period is: 100000 A ; divide ; 28000 = 3.57 old ages If the expected grosss generated by the undertaking to change from twelvemonth to twelvemonth, every bit good as the jutting income for each twelvemonth up to an extra sum cost of the undertaking. For illustration, say that the expected grosss generated by the undertaking is $ 100,000 Year Gross Entire 1 $ 19,000 $ 19,000 2 $ 25,000 $ 44,000 3 $ 30,000 $ 74,000 4 $ 30,000 $ 104,000 5 $ 30,000 $ 134,000 Therefore, the undertaking will be to the full paid for in 4 old ages, because in that twelvemonth that the entire income reaches the initial cost of $ 100,000. Complicated the image when you enter the clip value of money rule in the computations. Some experts insist this is necessary to find the recovery period more accurately. Consequently, should be used in the present value tabular arraies, or the computing machine ( now the norm ) , and should be discounted one-year income in the rate of involvement applied, and 10 % in this illustration. In this manner, give consequences significantly different: Year Gross Present value Entire 1 $ 19,000 $ 17,271 $ 17,271 2 $ 25,000 $ 20,650 $ 37,921 3 $ 30,000 $ 22,530 $ 60,451 4 $ 30,000 $ 20,490 $ 80,941 5 $ 30,000 $ 18,630 $ 99,571 This method indicates that the recovery will non happen until after five old ages. Tricks of the trade Obviously, a major defect of the consecutive line recovery period is that it ignores the rule of clip value of money, which, in bend, can ensue in unrealistic outlooks. The 2nd drawback is that it ignores the benefits produced after a period of ingestion and, accordingly, a undertaking which has a million U.S. dollars will come back after, say, six old ages and can be classified as less of a undertaking with the recovery of three old ages which returns merely 100 thousand dollars at a ulterior clip. Another option to cipher the amortisation period is the position of internal rate of return. In most of the experiments and undertakings with shorter recovery times superior to those with more of the net incomes, even if that promise higher returns. Can be affected by factors such as the refund periods of market alterations, alterations in involvement rates, and economic transmutations. Cash dividend shorter besides enable companies to retrieve the initial investing and set to work elsewhere. In general, the recovery period for a period of three old ages or less desirable, if the period of recovery of the undertaking is less than a twelvemonth, and some believe that it should be considered to be indispensable. Internal rate of return Internal rate of return ( IRR ) is a joint rating metric used by fiscal analysts to cipher and measure the fiscal attraction / feasibleness undertakings or capital-intensive investings. The internal rate of return is normally easier to understand the consequence of the discounted hard currency flow analysis ( Internet Explorer, the net present value or net present value ) for directors of non-financial, is frequently used to explicate and warrant investing determinations ; Although the modeller good fiscal know that the internal rate of return is after all an estimated, particularly when calculated in Excel, and should be used in combination with other fiscal parametric quantities such as net present value and rating multiples compared to when the issue of supplying employment or investing. What precisely is the internal rate of return? The internal rate of return is the involvement rate that makes net present value of all hard currency flows equal to zero. In footings of fiscal analysis, and could be called the internal rate of return price reduction rate at which the current value of a series of investing peers the present value of investings. All undertakings or investings with an internal rate of return that is calculated in the procedure of fiscal mold to be superior to the leaden mean cost of capital should be ( or WACC ) is a financially feasible and technically acceptable. When taking between undertakings or investings where the benefits or services are wholly independent of each other in the modeller good fiscal should be considered in the undertaking or investing, harmonizing to the highest internal rate of return is calculated to be financially attractive, every bit long as we continue to maintain in head that it is non must be of the value of internal rate of return greater than WACC. Net nowadays value I plan to compose the net present value of a small ‘After discoursing how to cipher the discounted hard currency flows and net nowadays value to cipher the value of this site. Not since I wrote about the fiscal at the minute, I thought that there may be a good alteration of gait. When we calculate the discounted hard currency flows, in kernel what we are seeking to make is cipher the value of all future hard currency flows at a certain clip, frequently more at this clip. As mentioned above, in order to make this, you need to cognize or expected future hard currency flows in each period, as happened in the head price reduction rate that reflects the earnestness of this undertaking or the events that led to hard currency flow. One manner to find if the undertaking is approved or non is to look at the net nowadays value ( NPV ) . High-level discounted hard currency flow cyberspace present value are really similar. Based on net present value to compare the present value of hard currency flows to hard currency flows, and cipher every individual can go complex depending on how the company is ( or borrowing unleveraged ) , to do a determination on what to include or except, and can interact with the revenue enhancement to acquire the wordss. Therefore, to simplify this treatment on the internal rate of return, and I use the experiences in the fiscal histories net present value of the grounds. PRESENT VALUE Present value refers to today ‘s value of a future sum. Present Value Formula: S P = — — — — — — ( 1+rt ) Alternatively of get downing with the principal which is invested, you could get down from what you want to roll up in the hereafter, and so work rearward to see the sum that you must put to make the needed sum. CALCULATING PRESENT VALUE For illustration, if you wish to retire within a certain figure of old ages you can get down working in contrary to find what sum must be invested today to roll up the coveted sum at the clip of your retirement in the hereafter. Example Assume you need $ 20,000 in three old ages for a down payment on a house. If the simple involvement rate is 5 % , how much would you hold to put today to roll up the $ 20,000 in three old ages? In this illustration: S= $ 20,000 ( sum of adulthood value ) T = 3 old ages R = 0.05 The computation for chief is: Second P = — — — — — ( 1+rt ) $ 20,000 P = — — — — — — – [ 1 + ( 0.05 ) 3 ] $ 20,000 P = — — — — — — – 1.15 P = $ 17,391.30 Therefore, if you invest $ 17,391.30 today at 5 % simple involvement, you will hold $ 20,000 in three old ages. Let ‘s look into it out: nterest per twelvemonth = $ 17,391.30 x 0.05 = $ 869.57 Interest for three old ages = $ 869.57 x 3 = $ 2,608.70 Therefore, the sum available for down payment at the terminal of three old ages is $ 17.391.30 + $ 2,608.70 = $ 20,000 Alternatively of 5 % simple involvement, see 5 % compound involvement collectible biyearly: Formula to be used: P = S ( 1+i ) ^-n S = 20,000 I = 0.05 / 2 = 0.025 n = 2 x 3 = 6 P = $ 20,000 ( 1+0.025 ) ^-6 = $ 20,000 ( 1.025 ) ^-6 = $ 20,000 x 1 — — — — – ( 1.025 ) ^6 = $ 20,000 / 1.16 = $ 17,241.38 Let ‘s look into it out utilizing the compound involvement expression: S = P ( 1 + I ) ^n = $ 17,241.38 ( 1 + 0.025 ) ^6 = $ 17,241.38 ( 1.025 ) ^6 = $ 17,241.38 x 1.16 = $ 20,000 How to cite Capital budget, Essay examples

The Salem Witch Trials Explanations of the Possessed Essay Example

The Salem Witch Trials: Explanations of the Possessed Essay It has been four centuries since the Salem Witch Trials in Salem, Massachusetts had occurred. This phenomenon, however, continues to serve as a poignant reflection of what the prevailing social, political and psychological ills can do to a society. It is a well-known fact that the Salem Witch Trials, primarily motivated by a strong tendency to attribute bizarre events to superstition and witchcraft, led to the demise and execution of hundreds of people believed to be witches but could have otherwise been proven innocent had the evidences been largely based on hard facts and scientific knowledge alone and not on hearsay and inadequate witness accounts from the accusers. In particular, reports of demonic possessions in women and children basically fueled the beginnings of the Salem Witch Trials. This inquiry is concerned with verifying the truth behind these supposed possessions by the devil. How valid were the accounts of the accusers about the evil possession that had befallen them? This paper attempts to emphasize through a literature review that the afflictions of the primary accusers in the Salem Witch Trials were not of demonic possession in nature as the villagers were wont to believe. Rather, the symptoms that these accusers exhibited were by-products of social, psychological and moral disturbances that were affecting them during that time. The paper begins with a brief overview of the background of the Salem Witch Trials followed by a historical account of several of the accusers focusing on the deviant behavior they manifested which rendered the Salem community to blame their behavior to witchcraft. Objections and alternative explanations on the accusers’ deviant behaviors follow. The paper concludes by emphasizing the significant factors that played the role in the Salem Witchcraft trials particularly those which directly or indirectly caused the bizarre behaviors of the primary accusers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Salem Witch Trials: Explanations of the Possessed specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Salem Witch Trials: Explanations of the Possessed specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Salem Witch Trials: Explanations of the Possessed specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Background Many historical accounts describing the beginnings of the witch hunt in Salem point to Tituba and her husband John. Both were black slaves in the household of the Reverend Samuel Parris located at Salem Village. In his work, Salem Witchcraft, Charles Upham (1867) tells of the bizarre superstitious beliefs and practices which were tribal in nature and that Tituba and her husband had supposedly introduced to the Parris household. This stirred the curiosity and imagination of a small group of girls who were motivated to meet regularly in the Parris household to learn more about the fascinating voodoo practices and superstitions that had been unheard of until the slaves came. From Upham’s speculations about Tituba and her involvement in witchcraft-like practices came a series of other accounts permanently making Tituba as one of the origins of the Salem Witch Trials (Rosenthal, 11). Erikson (as cited in Rosenthal, 11) explained how Tituba could have triggered the hysteria over wit chcraft: In early 1692, several girls from the neighborhood began to spend their afternoons in the Parris kitchen with a slave named Tituba, and it was not long before a mysterious sorority of girls, aged between nine and twenty, became regular visitors to the parsonage. We can only speculate what was going on behind the kitchen door, but we know that Tituba had been brought to Massachusetts from Barbados and enjoyed a reputation in the neighborhood for her skills in the magic arts. (Erikson cited in Rosenthal, 11-12). Strange happenings arising from these meetings allegedly began and affected the girls who were involved. Upham described them aptly as follows: â€Å"†¦(the girls) confined themselves to strange actions, exclamations, and contortions. They would creep into holes, and under benches and chairs, put themselves into odd and unnatural postures, make wild and antic gestures, and utter incoherent and unintelligible sounds. They would be seized with spasms, drop insensible to the floor, or writhe in agony, suffering dreadful tortures, and uttering loud and piercing outcries.† (Upham, ii.7). The girls’ families and the entire community became more and more concerned and baffled as the girls’ conditions appeared to worsen. They were examined by Dr. Griggs, the village physician, who could have seen the exhibited only for the first time, and hence, without prior knowledge about this particular type of illness and without any concrete explanation to offer, the doctor diagnosed them as having been bewitched. This diagnosis, strange as it may seemed then, was readily accepted by the nurses and the townsfolk’s elderly women who were often called in on such queer and inexplicable situations to offer their opinion. Soon enough, the whole Salem community would talk about the afflictions that have befallen the girls and many would scramble to Mr. Parris’ house to get a firsthand look at the girls and their queer behavior, which elicited various reactions and emotions such as awe and compassion. The girls, sensing that they had gotten the whole town†™s attention, became encouraged to exhibit more variations of their extraordinary behavior, not only in the Parris household but also in public places where they would cry out incorrigible outcries, shrieks and throw fits, thus disturbing social functions such as prayer meetings and other congregation services (Upham, ii.7). The afflictions of these girls prompted the Salem community to hunt for the evil entities that were responsible for them, thus, the beginnings of the witch hunt were launched. Much later in history, however, many would become suspicious of the legitimacy of the evil possessions that occurred, let alone the claim that these were spells cast by the accused persons during that time. To understand more about these so-called possessions and the truth behind them, this paper discusses the afflictions that fell on two of the girls who were supposedly involved in the initial voodoo sessions and black magic practices that happened in the Parris household. Elizabeth â€Å"Betty† Parris Betty Parris was the daughter of Reverend Samuel Parris. She was nine years old when the Salem witchcraft hysteria began. She is said to have conducted secret fortunetelling experiments with her cousin, Abigail Williams. Together, they would use a â€Å"venus glass† in which an egg white was made to float on water and would ask questions about what their future in life would be or where their future-husbands would be employed. The answers would have supposedly come from figures appearing on the egg white. This little experiment was told to other girls who lived nearby the Parris household and became some sort of a small, exclusive circle of girls. Reverend John Hale (1702) mentioned in his work, A Modest Inquiry into the Nature of Witchcraft, that at one time, the glass revealed a coffin-like figure, leading to a ‘diabolical molestation’ which would eventually cause the beginnings of the witchcraft outbreak in Salem village. The early signs of Betty Parris’ afflictions manifested through increasing forgetfulness, absentmindedness and obscure preoccupations. She would be irritated whenever her father would reprimand her when her mind wandered during prayer time. She was also cited to have thrown a Bible across the room and shrieked when the ‘Our Father’ prayer was recited. After such display of behavior, Betty would cry and seemed to be guilt-stricken for her having engaged in fortunetelling, which was considered evil and sinful. The other girls’ symptoms were not much different from Betty’s. They would exhibit queer postures, mouth out garbled or rubbish speech, throw fits and would act as if they were being attacked by unseen forces as they flung their arms, necks, backs in different directions (Hale). As soon as the village physician, Dr. William Riggs, diagnosed Betty’s affliction as the work of the ‘Evil Hand’, the villagers decided to set out a witch hunt to catch whoever caused the unfortunate predicament that Betty was in. Betty was sent away in isolation to the care of Samuel Parris’ cousin, Stephen Wall. Most of Betty’s odd behavior disappeared during this time. Ann Putnam, Jr. Thomas and Ann Putnam’s eldest daughter, Ann Putnam, Jr. was 12 years old when the Salem witchcraft outbreak began. She was one of the girls who would meet at the Parris household to listen to the voodoo and supernatural tales told by Tituba, the Parris’ Indian servant. She also joined Betty Parris and the other girls in fortune telling escapades. She was the one who saw the specter that looked like a coffin from the venus glass during one of their fortune telling sessions. Ann exhibited similar strange behaviors as that of Betty after this incident happened. When Betty was sent away, Ann and Betty’s cousin, Abigail, stood in court to testify against the people whom she believed had afflicted her. The Putnam family was quite a very wealthy and influential family then and this was evident by the fact that most of the afflicted and the accusers were associated with them. In addition, Thomas Putnam was the chief complainant in the village and therefore exercised full authority over Ann and Abigail’s testimonies in the court. Ann’s mother, Ann Putnam, Sr. would also stand in court as co-accuser and also exhibited some symptoms of possession. Ann Putnam, Jr. was the only one of the afflicted girls in Salem who made a public apology in the year 1706 for having made false accusations during the Salem Witch trials. This retraction strengthened the already suspicious nature of the so-called evil possessions displayed by the afflicted girls. Mercy Lewis Mercy Lewis was the 17-year-old servant of the Putnam household and belonged to the core group of girls who accused a number of people of afflicting them with witchcraft. She had been an orphan most of her life and was brought to the care of Reverend George Burroughs before being sent to the Putnams. Together with Ann Putnam, Jr. and the other afflicted girls, Mercy displayed the symptoms of bizarre behavior and spoke incomprehensible language indicating that she was possessed by an evil spirit. Mercy ended up accusing even her former guardian, Reverend Burroughs and several other persons such as Giles Corey, Mary Lacey, and John Willard, among others (Upham). Analyses of the Afflictions Could it really be possible that the girls involved in the Salem Witch trials were actually possessed by demons controlled by the so-called witches? This question had prompted many researchers and scholars to probe more deeply into the Salem Witch trial phenomenon.   While the bizarre behaviors were already themselves questionable at that time, the admission of Ann Putnam years after the trials have occurred strongly suggested that the afflictions were fraudulent in nature, if not abnormal in the psychological view point. Many theorists have proposed that the Salem Witch Trials could have been a product of a mental condition now known as hysteria – a state wherein a person exhibits extraordinary and seemingly uncontrollable behavior and physical symptoms such as seizures, paralysis, and contortions as part of his/her emotional reaction to a traumatic or shocking event in the past (Clare Webster). One of the first proponents of this theory was Dr. Charcot Breuer, a neurologist who was known for treating patients exhibiting behaviors characteristic of hysteria. Dr. Breuer and his students, one of which was the famous Sigmund Freud, attributed the possessions that occurred during the Salem witch hunt period as symptoms of hysteria such as: â€Å"†¦sight disorders, trances; visions of ghosts, beasts, or skeletons; hearing disorders; conversation with imagined people; anorexia; temporary paralysis of limbs; convulsions ;imagined injuries sometimes accompanied by swelling and redness; the feeling of choking or having a lump in the throat; inability to speak; frantic movement, uncontrollable weeping, laughing, or screaming; unclear, spiteful, or frightened speeches; and post convulsion calm and good health† (Wilson, 68). Thus, the inexplicable and mysterious behaviors of the afflicted girls can now be explained without involving supernatural notions of witchcraft. Freud claims that hysteria experienced by the girls was a result of trauma and emotional distress, but from what? Historians’ analysis of the general state of Salem village vis-à  -vis the whole town of Salem may shed some light on this issue. At the time when Samuel Parris became the village preacher, Salem had been undergoing some major changes in its political and social structures. Many people in the town of Salem, to which Salem Village was part of, were becoming wealthy merchants, giving rise to an elite group of prominent people who were no longer interested in assuming office in the towns leadership. Two families, the Porters and the Putnams emerged as competing forces in search for the control of Salem village, which had remained rural in its ways compared to the urbanized Salem town. Most people in Salem village, many of them farmers, resented the changes that were happening in Salem town. They wanted to preserve what they had during that time but at the same time were envious of the progress that the townsfolk were enjoying. Thus, Salem was said to be divided into two – those in favor of the social and political changes in the town and the villagers who would rather remain the same than explore unfamiliar territories. Those who were opposed were also the ones who took control of the witch trials. In essence, the refusal of the villagers to succumb to town control and change their orthodox ways were manifested in their hysteria over witchcraft. In other words, they attributed the conflicts that existed in their society to superstition and witchcraft (Cowing). Many other speculations followed after the hysteria explanation of the so-called possessions. Linnda Caporael, in her article Ergotism: The Satan Loosed in Salem? Published in the magazine Science (1972) proposed that Betty Parris’ affliction could have been brought about by â€Å"ergot poisoning† or â€Å"convulsive ergotism†. This was in turned caused by ingesting foods containing rye where the fungus Ergot could naturally be found especially during damp and humid weather.   Rye bread was a staple food for many people during the 17th century since it was cheaper than wheat bread. Thus, the Salem villagers could have consumed much rye bread infected by ergot during that time.   It was said that ergotism was more common in children and small women and that the symptoms matched those of Betty Parris’ afflictions – wild and violent fits, vomiting, hallucinations, crawling sensation on the skin and extreme itching (Carporael). Rosenthal (1993) believes that the actions exhibited by the afflicted were carefully calculated and planned to support the accusations. He also cites the unreliability and questionable validity of statements made by children. He argues that children can be made to fabricate statements or they may do so themselves. In the case of Ann Putnam testifying against John Willard, Rosenthal turns to child abuse as one of the most probable reasons behind her incessant accusations. Ann Putnam told of her sister’s apparition asking for vengeance against John Willard who allegedly whipped her to death. Rosenthal believes that Ann could have just disguised this family problem in the form of her accusations against a suspected specter. Ann’s sister, however, could have died in the arms of their own mother and as this family secret got to be revealed to the public, the Putnams sought refuge by turning the people’s attention to unexplainable phenomena attributed to witchcraft. Boyer and Nissenbaum (1974) offer a different perspective on the Putnam accusations. They argue that the Putnams were a family consumed by their desire to amass wealth and power over society but this desire has also caused much internal conflict as the doctrines of Puritanism at that time condemned greed and covetousness. This â€Å"psychic ambivalence† as they call it, was a prevalent sentiment in a weak society where values and relationships were characterized by instability and much conflict. Thus, the Putnams experienced much guilt over their penchant for acquiring wealth and to act as some sort of defense, they frantically condemned other people for all sorts of witchcraft crimes against their daughter Ann Putnam, Jr. Another interpretation comes from Carol Karlsen, author of the book Devil in the Shape of a Woman (1998) wherein she refers to the afflictions as manifestations of the girls’ personal insecurities regarding their social and economic status in life. This point is evident in the case of Mercy Lewis, who, as an orphaned child in her early years, suffered pain and trauma of not having a normal family situation. This could have fueled her personal insecurities especially concerning the aspect of finding a husband to marry her. It could be recalled that the afflicted girls engaged in fortune telling sessions to ask about what their marriage prospects would be like (Hale, 1702). Thus, beset by emotional hang-ups and uncertainties, Mercy Lewis could have been empowered and was able to reap a great sense of self-confidence and belongingness to society with her accusations (Boyer and Nissenbaum). Conclusion The Salem Witch Trials can be considered as one of the most unfortunate events in American social history because many innocent people were sent to their deaths on the accounts of supposedly afflicted persons who blamed them of witchcraft for lack of any plausible explanation they can provide for their unusual behavior. This paper gave a brief overview about the false and fraudulent accusations that were made against the suspected witches during that time. Apparently, the Salem society was just too weak at that time to be able to make wise and fact-based judgments about the accused. This weakness in turn manifested as social ills that permeated the personal lives of the afflicted girls mentioned in this discussion, which propelled them to become hysterical over witchcraft and unseen ‘evil forces’ and act in bizarre but disastrous manners that caused the demise of a hundred others who were never really proven to be engaged in witchcraft or supernatural activities at all.

Free Essays on Pluralism

The dictionary defines pluralism as â€Å"a form of society in which the members of minority groups maintain their independent cultural traditions.† Pluralism can also be described by the phrase the â€Å"melting pot,† in which a place where races, theories, and cultures are blended together. The United States of America is now a current melting pot and has been for a along time. Currently, the US has European, Mid-Eastern, African, Hispanic, Asian and Native Americans. However to understand the current pluralistic United States of America, you must understand the when the pluralistic idea came to be. By the end of the 19th century, the migration of millions of immigrants from Eastern Europe, Southern Europe and Asia migrated to the United States. With millions of immigrants coming into America there was a large increase in urbanization. â€Å"In 1860, there had been 49 cities over 10,000 in population; by 1900 there were 645,† (www.expo98.msu.edu) Still, to some, pluralism presented a problem. There were some wanted to return to the less difficult time of the early nation by stopping immigration, limiting the rights of minorities, and declining the demands of women for an equal rights as men. Throughout history, some Americans, not all, have believed that America should rid the US of these aliens, foreigners, and immigrants. Usually, it was whoever the US was fighting with, that was who the public wanted to rid the US of. For example, when the Japanese attacked the US in Pearl Harbor, all the Japanese-Americans were ripped from their home and sent to refugee camps. They were believed to be spies. Most of these Japanese- Americans were not involved in political happenings, they were born in the United States of America and were American citizens, yet they were treated horribly. However, the idea of pluralism and for what America stands for freedom were gone and their rights lost. Since the September 11 attacks, people have been afr... Free Essays on Pluralism Free Essays on Pluralism The dictionary defines pluralism as â€Å"a form of society in which the members of minority groups maintain their independent cultural traditions.† Pluralism can also be described by the phrase the â€Å"melting pot,† in which a place where races, theories, and cultures are blended together. The United States of America is now a current melting pot and has been for a along time. Currently, the US has European, Mid-Eastern, African, Hispanic, Asian and Native Americans. However to understand the current pluralistic United States of America, you must understand the when the pluralistic idea came to be. By the end of the 19th century, the migration of millions of immigrants from Eastern Europe, Southern Europe and Asia migrated to the United States. With millions of immigrants coming into America there was a large increase in urbanization. â€Å"In 1860, there had been 49 cities over 10,000 in population; by 1900 there were 645,† (www.expo98.msu.edu) Still, to some, pluralism presented a problem. There were some wanted to return to the less difficult time of the early nation by stopping immigration, limiting the rights of minorities, and declining the demands of women for an equal rights as men. Throughout history, some Americans, not all, have believed that America should rid the US of these aliens, foreigners, and immigrants. Usually, it was whoever the US was fighting with, that was who the public wanted to rid the US of. For example, when the Japanese attacked the US in Pearl Harbor, all the Japanese-Americans were ripped from their home and sent to refugee camps. They were believed to be spies. Most of these Japanese- Americans were not involved in political happenings, they were born in the United States of America and were American citizens, yet they were treated horribly. However, the idea of pluralism and for what America stands for freedom were gone and their rights lost. Since the September 11 attacks, people have been afr...

Fun Halloween Lesson Plan Ideas

Fun Halloween Lesson Plan Ideas Halloween, celebrated annually on Oc. 31, is a secular holiday combining harvest festivals with costume-wearing,  trick-or-treating, and creating pranks and decorative imagery based on the changing of the seasons, death and the supernatural. No matter how old your students are, chances are theyll feel cheated if you dont do anything to recognize what has become this most-beloved childrens holiday. But creating creative lesson plans- even for a holiday that is so captivating for young students- can be a challenge. These activities can spark ideas to help you create lessons celebrating Halloween spanning all areas of learning across the curriculum. Art Make a tiny witch doll and a pumpkin.Have your students paint a pumpkin. Chorus Do your warm-up exercises making ghost sirens. Classes with Computers Make iron-on graphics for T-shirts.Middle school students may enjoy a Halloween Hunt for facts. Drama Have improvisation exercises in which students randomly walk around the stage impersonating a ghost, bat, cat, pumpkin or Frankenstein.Have groups present Halloween childrens storybooks with one person reading and the others impersonating scenery and contributing sound effects.Do the same as above with readings from The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allen Poe or with Excerpts from Ann Rices novels. English: Journal Topics Describe your scariest childhood Halloween memory.Describe the best Halloween costume made yourself or that you helped to make.Describe the best way for children to celebrate Halloween.How would you like to celebrate Halloween differently?Describe Halloween from the viewpoint of a vampire bat.Create a holiday you would like to substitute for Halloween.Write an autobiography of a jack-o-lantern.Write a poem about Halloween. English: Essay Topics Describe a neighborhood street on Halloween night.Describe a memorable Halloween party.Describe in detail an unusual Halloween costume.Explain why Halloween is celebrated today in the United States.Explain why you think trick-or-treating is (or is not) dangerous.Explain the likely consequences of vandalizing property.Persuade a local merchant to give children candy on Halloween.Persuade your parents to let you have a Halloween party on a school night.Persuade your best friend to be the rear section of your _______ costume. (You decide what the costume will be.)Persuade your school principal to show __________ all afternoon to celebrate Halloween. (Name a movie) Science You and your students will enjoy these challenging monster math word problems involving addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.Use Halloween as a reason to learn about  bats. Social Studies Learn about the history of Halloween.

Ethics of Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics of Engineering - Essay Example The engineering profession makes significant contributions to the everyday work and life of the government, private and public companies, as well as the general public. As Weil, in discussing the types of questions presented to citizens, companies, and policy makers, states: â€Å"How should aircraft producers, airlines and the government regulatory agency deal with wiring insulation problems that have surfaced? What will be the consequences of changing our pollution-control strategy? Suppose that instead of attacking outflow of pollutants at the pipe end, we target input at the front end? (Weil, V. 2002: 59). All of these types of questions fall at the feet of the engineering profession. The impact engineers have on safety could not be more dramatically demonstrated than the space shuttle Challenger disaster. It is common knowledge that the engineering staff was against the launch because it feared the effect of cold weather on the O-rings. Every engineer involved knew that if the O-rings failed, there would be an explosion and the mission would be lost. When the engineering staff notified command authorities that they were recommending postponement of the loss, the managers pressured the engineers to change their minds. In the end, the engineers capitulated and the launch went forward as planned—with disastrous results. Why didn’t the command staff listen to the concerns of the engineers? Why did the engineers change their position? If the engineers had such great concerns, why didn’t someone blow the whistle? All of these questions carry ethical implications that cross professional and occupational lines—including the duty of all engineers to preserve the integrity of the profession, the firm or industry for whom they work, and the safety and wellbeing of the individuals who will use their designs. In this case, the very lives of the astronauts were at stake. When that

Why I want to study fashion design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why I want to study fashion design - Essay Example Even as a child, I remember inventing clothes for my dolls and enjoying the activity and the imagination it entailed. Though these dolls already had nice outfits, however, I wanted to give them a personal touch of my own. My parents were amazed and thrilled by my creativity and effort to transform these dolls. From just one original outfit I would make several variations. Seeing my interest, as well as my knack for it, they decided to give me a ‘My size Barbie’ and a sewing machine as a Christmas present. That was the starting point; upon entering my teens, I started designing my own clothes along with those of my friends and relatives. I also started attending modeling classes. As I moved on to my college years I decided to pursue a career in Architecture. Putting my dreams of becoming a fashion designer aside, I decided to work in an Architecture firm for a while, thinking of later working in the family Architecture firm as well. However, I did not give up my passion f or fashion, whenever I had free time I kept creating my own designs and drawings of garments. I also had the habit of cutting out designs from magazines – designs I thought were interesting and which I could use as a foundation for further creativity perhaps. A few years later, I decided to move to the United States to get a masters degree in Architecture. After I was done with my masters, I went back to the wonderful world of fashion by getting into modeling school for the second time. This time, I was convinced that I should get back into fashion designing and not give up on my childhood dream. My family and friends not only supported my decision but have been a major motivating force. What is more, even acquaintances and other people have been really appreciative of my creative designs. Their praise has been a constant source of encouragement for me to take up fashion designing on a professional level. The support and praise I receive really helps me by backing up my decis ion to be a creative fashion designer. It feels good when I create, not only because I like it, but also because my designs are liked by people. I have therefore decided to go for a professional degree in fashion designing so that I could also learn about other aspects of the industry. I believe that a degree from Miami International University of Art and Design would help me to grow not only as a person but also as a professional who would be able to meet the challenges of the contemporary world. I have a multi-cultural background, and am greatly influenced by it. It shows in my work too as my passion for ethnic designs and use of fusion is my strongest point. As a child I was much enamored with the fashion magazines that showcased the clothes of leading fashion designers of Milan and Paris. However, as I grew up, I realized that while I am fascinated with the contemporary fashion designers, I am equally captivated by the variety found in ethnic designs. Culture has, therefore, bee n a very vital part of my creativity, which, I believe, needs to be used for exploiting my potential as a designer. In the present environment of globalization, a professional degree in fashion designing would equip me with more options to capably exploit the present opportunities, as well as help me gain a competitive advantage within the fashion industry. The Art Institute is renowned for offering a highly personalized degree. At the same time, it promotes a wide scope of personal development through cross-cultural interaction and community development. Indeed, it offers the best of both worlds: excellent academic programs and opportunities of personal development, both of which are essential for professional success in today’

Nursing Reflection Essay Skills Assessment

Nursing Reflection Essay Skills Assessment According to the New Collins International Dictionary of the English language, a reflection is to reflect or to be in the state of reflection. (Collins Brash, 1983) In this essay, I aim to give a brief description of the skills assessment that I underwent, the thoughts and feelings it provoked, the evaluation and analysis of it ,conclusion and lastly my action plan. REFLECTION OF THE SKILLS ASSESSMENT 2.1 Description As part of the Fundamentals of Nursing (FON) skills assessment, I had to attend a test on week seven. Wound dressing and vital signs were the two subjects of this assessment. I had to draw lots to choose which room and subject I got and then proceed to sit outside the room to read the case scenario within the allocated five minutes. Once the case scenario of taking vital signs was clear to me, I was allowed to enter the evaluation room to perform the necessary procedure on the patient within twenty minutes. During the course of the procedure, all the vital signs such as pulse rate, respiration rate, blood pressure and temperature were recorded on a clinical chart. The entire procedure was then assessed and graded by an assessor, who was observing my nursing skills. 2.2 Thoughts and Feelings I felt really nervous and anxious before the skills assessment as I was seated outside the assessment room. When the time came for me to read and digest the background information, I felt overwhelmed as at that point in time, remembering the information on the sheet provided was just exhausting. As I was about to enter the room and the previous student came out crying, I felt even more nervous as that gave me an intuition that the assessment might be a challenging one . Despite that, I mustered all my confidence and proceeded with the nursing procedure when my turn came. I carried out the procedure in a calm and smooth manner. After my task was complete, I felt satisfied with my performance and happy with myself for having prepared well for the assessment before-hand as it turned out to be a good experience. 2.3 Evaluation On the whole, the skills assessment was a memorable experience for me as I felt that I had carried out the nursing procedure efficiently, keeping in mind all the protocols that had to be followed. Also, the six domains namely critical thinking, communication, technical skills, management of care, safe practice and professional and ethical practice were carried out to my ability in many instances. Then again, I could have done better in certain areas. For instance under the critical thinking component, I could have planned my working area carefully. Instead, I was immediately involved in attending to the patient and completing the procedure within the time limit which should not have been the case. As a result I had to move around quite a bit which could have been minimized with careful area planning. On the part of communication, I tried my level best to re-assure the patient and addressed his anxiety to a large extent. This skill I believe I portrayed well. In terms of technical skills, I was unsure about my readings for the systolic and diastolic blood pressures and I had to repeat the procedure twice in order to double check my first reading. Even then, I experienced some level of uncertainty with the readings. Thus, I have to improve my skills in this domain to become a better healthcare professional. To add on, I managed the patients care relatively well as I made it a point to ensure that he was feeling comfortable throughout the procedure. Keeping in mind the importance of understanding the emotions of the patient (Matsumoto Hwang, 2011), I took note of the changes in his facial expressions to make sure he was receiving good care and was not in any kind of stress. To ensure safe practice I had carried out good hand hygiene however ,I almost had forgotten to clean the ear plugs of the stethoscope, thereby downplaying on safe clinical practice on protecting myself. Furthermore, I had also plotted the readings on the wrong column which was an unacceptable mistake. Lastly, on the part of professionalism and ethical practice, I believe I had done a commendable job. I kept the patient informed on the risks he was taking by undergoing the cataract surgery. Also, I kept the staff nurse informed of his concerns and his rash that he had developed. Apart from these, all the procedures during the assessment were within the terms of ethical practice. 2.4 Analysis For in-depth examination, I have analyzed my skills in each of the above mentioned six domains. Critical thinking is defined as the disciplined, intellectual process of applying skillful reasoning as a guide to belief or action (Paul, 1990). In nursing, critical thinking for clinical decision-making is the potential to think in a organized and sensible manner with the readiness to question and think carefully about the reasoning process used to ensure safe nursing practice and good care. (Heaslip, 1993) In the nursing profession, it is important to plan carefully to save valuable time while attending to the patient. During my practical assessment, I could have placed the hand sanitizer on the same table as I had placed the other medical requisites on. This would have prevented me from constantly shifting to the table close by to perform my hand rubs, saving time. As mentioned by Mr. Tan during lab sessions, area planning is very important. Nurses also need to apply their intellectual skills for sound reasoning. (Heaslip, 1993) Having noticed rashes on one of the patients arm, I chose to take blood pressure from the arm with no rashes as placing the non-sterile cuff on the affected hand could have worsened the rash. As for communication skills, I believe I played a good role as a nurse by clearly explaining the risks involved in the cataract surgery to the patient. As pointed out by Crow et. al, it is paramount for a patient to be aware of his/her medical condition and develop a better understanding of the procedures involved. (Crow, et al., 1999) To add on, I informed him of his various readings to ensure his awareness of his medical status. In terms of technical skills, I could not distinctively identify the Korotkoff sounds hence had to repeat the blood pressure measurement. When I re-took the blood pressure however, I found it hard to release the pressure as I had turned the valve a little too much making it too tight to be released. It is mandatory for nurses to be fluent in the procedures. (Rennie, 2009) Hence, I should keep in mind not to turn the valve too much to allow easy release of the valve in future. During the procedure, I constantly made an effort to ensure that the patient was feeling comfortable by questioning him frequently instead of just carrying out the nursing procedure silently. Reference to Bensing, reveals that it is important for nurses to communicate at an emotional level so that the patient feels cared for and also helps disclose his concerns which he might otherwise not reveal. (Bensing, 1991). Also, I addressed the presence of the rash on his left arm and questioned him on how it originated instead of only taking note of his vital signs. These actions I hope would have sent across the message to the patient that I cared for him well. In terms of ensuring safe practice, I kept the staff nurse informed about the rash the patient had developed on his arm and what medication he had previously consumed which might have led to the allergy. However, I had not plotted the readings taken on the correct column onto the clinical chart. I was unaware of this mistake until I read the remarks on the assessment sheet. Therefore, I have to strictly avoid such a mistake in the future as it may lead to further misinterpretations. My professionalism and ethical practice was portrayed rather well as I maintained a steady and confident poise which I trust would have also allowed the patient to place his trust in me to carry out the nursing procedure safely and effectively. Butts has given a detailed description of the ethics that needs to be followed in the nursing profession (Butts). Not only that, I ensured that the patient was aware of the side effects and risks involved in the surgery so as to maintain ethical practice. 2.5 Conclusion All in all, this reflection has helped me better identify my mistakes in this skills assessment and how I can further improve myself in the near future. Not only that, it has also aided me in the pursuit of realizing the importance of the six different domains that we were assessed on. This assessment was also a good platform for us to reflect upon ourselves and further improve our nursing competencies bringing our skills to a whole new level. At the end of the day, such assessments are the ones that mould us into trustworthy and reliable healthcare professionals. 2.6 Action Plan In similar situations in the future, first and foremost, I would quickly run through area planning in my mind so as to maintain minimal movement to save time when I am carrying out my nursing procedure. Then, when I am taking the patients blood pressure, I will remind myself not to turn the valve too hard so that it will be easier to release the pressure from the cuff when I am recording the blood pressure readings. Most importantly, I would ensure that I record my findings accurately onto the clinical chart. I hope all these precautions will help me carry out my duty as a nurse efficiently in years to come.

The Ira

The Irish Republican Army or IRA is Northern Ireland’s most notorious terrorist organization. Like many other groups, the IRA is a militant nationalist group with Marxist tendencies. They use violent attacks such as bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, extortion, and robberies that they used . to send their message. The ultimate goal of the IRA is to use militant behavior to make British rule in Northern Ireland obsolete, thus letting Northern Ireland become an independent republic, instead of two separate countries with different governments.The IRA was founded in 1919 as a successor to the Irish Volunteers, a militant nationalist organization that was founded in 1913. One of the alias’s for the group is Direct Action Against Drugs, or DADD. The IRA operates independently of any political control or party, and† in some periods actually took the upper hand in the independence movement. †(Britannica) Unlike some terrorist groups, the IRA does not carry out attacks on countries that are not in close vicinity of Northern Ireland. The majority of their operations are based out if Great Britain, and Ireland.Some of their most favored targets were senior British Government officials, British military and police in Northern Ireland, and Northern Irish Loyalist paramilitary groups. By attacking these individuals they hoped to demoralize Great Britain to the point of turning Ireland over to the people. The IRA did not want to overthrow the government and run it themselves, they simply wanted to see a change in the government so that it would benefit the people of Northern Ireland. The IRA is organized into small, tightly knit cells under the leadership of the Army Council.While they only have a few hundred members, they have thousands of sympathizers who contribute by donating money, supplies, shelter, and even weapons. â€Å"The IRA Is suspected of receiving funds, arms, and other terrorist-related materiel from sympathizers in the United S tates. †(Britannica) the IRA also received a large amount of support at one point from the PLO, a â€Å"freedom fighter† group from Libya. Not only do they receive aid from other terrorist groups with similar agendas, but in 2002 three suspected IRA members were arrested in Colombia on charges of assisting the FARC to improve its explosives capabilities.The IRA was in their prime during the late 1950’s and 1960’s, though they did play a big part in the Irish Civil war of 1922. As a result of this war, the IRA became more closely related to Sinn Fein, which is the Irish Nationalist party. â€Å"In December 1969, the IRA divided into â€Å"Official† and â€Å"Provisional† wings. Although both factions were committed to a united socialist Irish republic, the Officials preferred parliamentary tactics and eschewed violence after 1972, whereas the Provisionals, or â€Å"Provos,† believed that violence— particularly terrorism—w as a necessary part of the struggle to rid Ireland of the British. (Global Security) This was a result of a Sinn Fein conference that had taken place in August.After 1970, the IRA was slowly slipping into the darkness, as they had stopped attacking as much, and was not as big of a concern anymore. Because of â€Å"Bloody Sunday’, when thirteen innocent Catholic protestors were killed by British soldiers, the IRA gained support from the Catholic Church, which gave them their reputation back for a while. Eventually though, they were back where they had left off before Bloody Sunday. The IRA reorganized in 1977 into detached cells to protect against infiltration† and their arms dealing was back in full force. It was said that â€Å"in the late 1990s that the IRA had enough weapons in its arsenal to continue its campaign for at least another decade. †(Britannica) For a long time the IRA tried to use peaceful methods to gain equal treatment for the Catholic minority in the Protestant Northern Ireland. But they were were met with resistance. The Protestants and the British government met the peaceful attempts of the IRA with violence i. e. Bloody Sunday.The IRA had no other choice but to employ violent methods to gain equality and civil rights for the Catholic Minority in Ulster. The IRA began implementing methods such as Bombings, sniper attacks, and assassinations on British citizens. (www. CFR. org) The afore mentioned Sinn Fein, which means â€Å"We Ourselves† first emerged in the early 1900s. It is the oldest political party in Ireland’s history. It was a â€Å"federation of nationalist clubs and eventually, all nationalists to the left of the Irish Parliamentary Party at Westminster came to be popularly known as Sinn Feiners. (SinnFein. org) The party, like the IRA, was based on the demand for an Irish Republic. It won the 1918 election by a landslide and set up Dail Eireann which is translated to â€Å"Assembly of Ireland. † Following three years of war, led by an underground republican government, the party split in 1922 on the issue of the Treaty which partitioned Ireland into two separate provinces. The leader of Sinn Fein left the party in 1926, causing the party to lose a lot of credibility.However, its fortunes recovered and flourished in the late 1950s and early 1960s with its new association to the IRA and their border campaign. During this time the group experienced a substantial amount of electoral success. In present day, Sinn Fein is split into two parties, Sinn Fein and Republican Sinn Fein. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) was formed in 1969 as the covert armed wing of Sinn Fein. The members of this group, called, â€Å"Provos† were formed from the Official Sinn Fein and the Official IRA.The Provisional IRA was the largest of the three republican armed resistance groups (Sinn Fein, IRA and PIRA). The policies of Sinn Fein under the new leadership of Gerry Adams led to a split in the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1997. One side accepted the new â€Å"Good Friday Agreement† and the New or Real IRA continuing armed resistance against the British. The PIRA has at this point accepted the ceasefire and is still most commonly confused with the real IRA because of their similar connections and name.The IRA and PIRA are not totally different groups, but they are actually two groups that used to function as one. It is my opinion that the split of the IRA into two factions is one of the major reasons why their goal was never accomplished. The army was in need of a way to make money and fundraise to support their cause. They became adept at raising money in Northern Ireland through â€Å"extortion, racketeering, and other illegal activities† and they policed their own neighborhoods through mock trials and beatings.As a result of this Mafia like enforcement, Sinn Fein began to play a more prominent role in trying to end the arms pr oblem that the IRA was causing. â€Å"Sinn Fein leaders Gerry Adams and Martin McGuiness, together with John Hume, head of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), sought ways to end the armed struggle and bring republicans into democratic politics. They were successful in doing so, and in 1994 the IRA declared a cease fire with Britain so that Sinn Fein was able to legally engage in politics with the Irish Parliament.This ceasefire was shortly ended in 1996 when a bomb that was suspected to be from the IRA killed two civilians. However it was reinstated the following year, returning things back to being civilized between the IRA and Great Britain. Technically the IRA is still a functioning terrorist group, but due to the ceasefire they have been dormant since around 2002 when the final ceasefire was laid out and agreed upon. The IRA has a very important place in Irish history, as well as the history of terrorism because of their prominence in the 1950’s and 1960â€⠄¢s.

Network Based Mobile Positioning - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4432 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Telecommunication Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION: With the rapid increase in number of mobile users, a massive number of calls originate from mobile subscribers, all over the world, everyday. With the increasing number of mobile users and originating calls, there is also an increase in emergency calls that originate from mobile stations. In many emergency cases the position is unknown to the caller, or he cannot explain properly. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Network Based Mobile Positioning" essay for you Create order Thus there is a strong need to locate any mobile user in emergency situation. Hence the scope of mobile positioning is vital. Due to importance of mobile positioning, the need to locate any mobile user in emergency was also called by Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and European Countries. For instance, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) made a proposal to include location in the 911 emergency service number, which resulted in the E911 ruling [2]. Currently, all the legacy handsets used in public cellular networks in the USA must provide the location of the customer whenever this number is dialled. The European Commission (EC) adopted a similar regulation to include location in emergency services on 112 [2]. The FCC in USA took the first step in this direction. Initially by 2001, the mobile operators are required to provide the accurate location of an emergency caller. The current requirement of FCC is to locate 67% of emergency callers must be located within 100 meters and 95% of the callers must be located with an error of no more than 300 meters. [3] Applications: Mobile location can be used for a number of services by mobile operators. Some of them are discussed here: An important application of mobile location is to provide emergency services. By knowing the location of a mobile user, emergency vehicle can be directed to that location. Hence there is an increase in public safety and services. Another interest in exploiting the mobile location is to apply location sensitive billing. By knowing the location of mobile subscribers an operator can offer competitive tariff e.g. users can be offered more calls from their mobile to home or office. Asset tracking and fleet management is another application of mobile location. Using the location of mobile travellers can be informed about location. Mobile location can be used to effectively manage fleet and traffic conditions. There are two main categories for mobile positionin g,Handset Based positioning and Network based positioning. Handset Based techniques needs special type of handset hardware or the installation of specialized network software in existing handsets e.g. GPS and A-GPS. GPS receiver determines its own position by sending and receiving signals from at least four satellites. The time to reach satellite signal to GPS receiver is used as a parameter. The accuracy of GPS based systems is very high. And the coverage of satellite is very good in outdoor environment. However, drawback is inability of GPS to operate in indoor and heavily populated urban environment. GPS lacks positioning where signals of the satellite cannot be fully covered. Another problem is related to existing handsets in market. A large number of existing handsets lack the built in GPS receivers. Thus using this method a huge number of people can not get benefit or can not be located in case of emergency. Also Embedding a GPS receiver into mobile devices leads to increased cost, size, and battery consumption [1]. Thus hundreds of millions of handsets in market need to be replaced or modified. In contrast, Network Based Techniques determine the position of a mobile user by measuring its signal parameters when received at the network Base Station (BS). Here BS receives signal from Mobile Station (MS) and sends them to a central site where location estimation algorithms are used to estimate location. In this method there is no need to change or replace existing handsets. It would require change in a few thousands of network nodes (Base Stations) than to change hundred of thousands of mobile stations. Hence, it can be implemented easily, less costly using existing technology. And still can provide a very good estimate of position of a mobile user. The future technologies also support network based positioning. Infact many positioning techniques can not be implemented using existing GSM technology. Using advanced technologies their efficiency will grea tly increase. The Network based positioning is also feasible for network operators as it would help them to implement location sensitive billing and location related services. Thus based on a certain location the operator can implement a specific price plan e.g. less price calls to home or office number. It will also help them to generate more revenue. Another advantage of network based techniques is the security of the subscribers. Using an algorithm at network side also ensures that the position of subscriber is known only to emergency service or mobile operator. Thus it also increases the safety and security of the subscribers. The network based techniques have several advantages like low cost, ease of implementation, implementation using existing technologies and methods, beneficial for a large number of people. However, the main issue with this technique is its accuracy. Despite a number of efforts to reduce error and increase accuracy there is still no unbiased estimatio n method present. All of the methods produce good results under certain conditions or circumstances. Thus there is no general prediction for result using an algorithm. The main problems in incorrect positioning are multipath propagation, fading and low SNR. The efforts are continuously being made to minimize these and hence increase accuracy and thus performance. The project will emphasize on comparing various existing network based location techniques. Some of the common techniques will be studied in detail. Base on these existing methods, a number of positioning algorithms are also studied in detail to implement major positioning techniques. The algorithms will then be implemented using MATLAB. The results of algorithms will be compared to actual position of mobile station so as to measure the performance of each of them. Final thing is to develop an online benchmarking tool to compare location evaluation estimates using different techniques. The tool should be able to run user uploaded measurements in to its own algorithms. The results will then be compared to user submitted results to perform a benchmark. Existing Literature Review A number of mobile location techniques are common nowadays. These techniques can be divided into three main types: Mobile Based Techniques Network Based Techniques Indirect Techniques These techniques are briefly explained below: Mobile Based Techniques: In this method, a number of geographically separated transmitters are used by the mobile station to exploit its own position. It is also known as Self Positioning. Thus mobile station (MS) locates itself by using signals from a number of transmitters or base stations (BS). Example of mobile based positioning is GPS and A-GPS. In GPS based positioning GPS receiver uses signals from geographically distributed satellites to exploit its own position. Network Based Techniques: This method uses a number of transmitters in a network to locate position of an unknown receiver. It uses resources of the network only. The signals from the MS are used by a number of BS to locate the MS. This technique can be implemented using different type of parameters e.g. Cell Global Identity (CGI), Cell Global Identity with Timing Advance (CGI-TA), Enhanced Cell Global Identity (E-CGI), Time of Arrival (TOA), Angle of Arriva l (AOA), Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA). Indirect Techniques: In this technique mobile or network can be assisted to locate a mobile station. Thus base station can send positioning data to mobile station to locate itself. Similarly measurements can be uploaded from MS to BS to locate mobile station. It involves measurements sent from MS to BS for positioning at BS or vice versa. There are a number of network based mobile positioning techniques in use today. In such techniques a number of involved base stations (BS) use signal from mobile station (MS) to locate the position of MS. The common methods are Signal Strength, Time of Arrival, Time Difference of Arrival, Angle of Arrival, or hybrid techniques. Each of the existing method has its own advantages and disadvantages. A major problem with all methods is the accuracy. It depends on cell size, cell environment, number of cells, multipath propagations and distance between MS and serving base station. Some other common pa rameters for performance measurement include applicability, robustness, etc. The existing methods have been described in detail below: Cell Global Identity: The CGI method to locate a mobile user is most easy and straight forward. In this method, the position of mobile user is estimated by using the cell identity of serving base station. Thus the mobile can be located anywhere in a call coverage area. It is very simple to implement. However, the positioning error may range from a few meters to a few kilometres. The accuracy will be dependent on the size of serving base station. Another problem with this method is that mobile station is not always connected to nearest base station. In this case the location of mobile cannot be even estimated. Enhanced-CGI: To overcome errors in basic CGI technique another method is used. The basic idea was to split the coverage area of a base station into two or more areas, mostly three 120 degree areas. Each area within a base sta tion can then be issued with a separate identity. Hence in this way the position of mobile can be narrow down to a small area. Although this method is easy to implement yet error is large enough from practical point of view. CGI with Timing Advance: The CGI technique can also be improved by using the timing advance feature of GSM. Timing advance is a value that corresponds to the time it takes for a signal to reach from MS to BS. In GSM timing advance is a feature used by the base station to synchronise with mobile station. On step timing advance is equal to a change in 1100 m of round-trip time (the time signal takes to reach from base station to mobile and then back to base station). The timing advance is assigned by base station for each mobile station. Using the timing advance feature a mobile user can be located within 550 meters approximately. Time of Arrival: Although CGI method provides a good estimation of mobile position, the error is still large enough from em ergency view point. Another method to locate mobile is using the arrival time of signals at base stations involved. The distance of mobile can be estimated by using information about time of arrival i.e. D = t / c Where t is the time of arrival of signal at base station and c is the speed of light. The distance will be the estimated mobile position. However the mobile can be located anywhere on circular path centred at base station and radius equal to estimated distance D. The exact position of mobile can be estimated by using same type of measurements from two other neighbouring base stations. Ideally the positioning circles from all the three base stations must intersect at a point, which will be the position of mobile. However, practically, the circles dont intersect at a single point rather they make a small area in which the mobile is potentially located. This method is really better than CGI because it gives more accurate results. The time of arrival method requires accu rate synchronization or reference between mobile and base station to correctly measure the arrival time. The results, however, depends on environment of cell clutter, atmospheric conditions, and multipath propagation. In worst atmospheric conditions the results may vary severely. Angle of Arrival: In this method the position of the mobile is located by using the direction of signal arriving from mobile station to the serving and, at least one other base station. The direction or angle of arrival is measured at base station by using arrays of antennas. Angle measurement at one base station will give the position of mobile to be located at a straight line at a certain angle with base station. Measurement from another involved base station will produce another positioning line. Ideally the mobile must be located at the intersection of two lines from involved base stations. In practice, however, they may not intersect at all at a single point. The angle of arrival is good because it can be implemented using a small number of base stations. Thus it is best when the number of base stations visible to mobile is very low. The angle of arrival method is very sensitive to measurement errors of angle. So a very small error in angle measurement results in a much larger error in position of mobile. Time Difference of Arrival: The time of arrival method requires a strict synchronisation or reference between mobile and base station. To overcome this problem, the difference of arrival time at a pair of base station is used for measurements. A pair of base stations is used to record one time difference measurement. The result will be a circle on which mobile can be anywhere. Ideally the three circles will intersect at one point. This point will be the position of mobile. In actual practice the method will give a small area in which mobile must be located. The difference of arrival time eliminates the need of synchronisation as required by time of arrival. This met hod can be used as to run entirely on network side or to run with mobile assistance. The performance of time difference method is greatly improved than time of arrival. The main advantage of this method is elimination of timing requirement. However, on the other hand, the number of involved base station must be at least four including primary base station. Thus only then three sets of measurements can be obtained. The time difference of arrival method is more frequently used due to ease of implementation. Data correlation method: The Database Correlation Method makes use of the signal information seen by mobile station. The signal information from all of the coverage area seen by mobile station is stored in a database at network side. The signal information may include signal strength, signal timing, signal delay etc. When position of the mobile is required, the stored data in database is used by a positioning server to do so. The signal measurements sent to the database depen ds on the environment. The resolution of such measurements must be set so as to achieve certain accuracy. In GSM a sub-band resolution is used by the Base Station Controller (BSC) to facilitate the handover process. Pilot Correlation Method: Algorithms Search: There are a number of positioning algorithms in present literature. These algorithms make use of the measurements done by the mobile station. The measurements required for each algorithm may vary. However, some common measurements may include Cell ID, LAC, Signal Strength, Timing Advance, Time of Arrival, and Direction (Angle) of Arrival. Also these measurements may be carried out only on network side i.e., by primary base station or they can be performed with assistance of mobile station. The algorithms for all of the major positioning methods are studied in detail. Although there is a large number of algorithms in literature yet each of them has own advantages and disadvantages. Each algorithm is based on some assum ptions and limitations. For this reason we can not say which one is best. But the one which gives acceptable accuracy is thought to be the good one. Cell Global Identity (CGI): The Cell ID is the very basic method to locate mobile station. It is used to make a rough estimate of mobile position. With this method the mobile can be located anywhere within a cell. Thus the accuracy is very poor. The mobile station measures periodically the id of serving base station and up to 6 neighbouring base station. Thus no special algorithm is needed to locate Cell ID. By looking at mobile measurements the Cell ID can be located. Enhanced Cell ID: Due to very poor accuracy of basic Cell ID, a number of enhancements have been made to it. Thus measurements like signal strength, Timing Advance can be used in conjunction with Cell ID to improve accuracy. Two algorithms which show good results are Enhancement to CGI using Signal Strength and Positioning using Timing Advance. In the first al gorithm the signal strength is taken as a parameter. The power received by mobile station from primary base station and up to six neighbouring cells is feedback to primary base station. The primary base station thus knows the power transmitted by it and power received by mobile station. Then the distance calculation is possible by using the known path loss. Using Okumura-Hata Path Loss model [4] the distance between mobile and base station is calculated. The mathematical form of this model is [4]; Urban areas: LdB = A + B log10 R E Suburban areas: LdB = A + B log10 R C Open areas: LdB = A + B log10 R D A = 69.55 + 26.16 log10 fc 13.82 log10 hb B = 44.9 6.55 log10 hb C = 2 (log10 (fc / 28))2 + 5.4 D = 4.78 ( log10 fc )2 + 18.33 log10 fc + 40.94 E = 3.2 ( log10 ( 11.7554 hm ))2 4.97 for large cities, fc = 300MHz E = 8.29 ( log10 ( 1.54 hm ))2 1.1 for large cities, fc 300MHz E = ( 1.1 log10 fc 0.7 ) hm ( 1.56 log10 fc 0.8 ) for medium to small cities Definition of parameters: hm mobile station antenna height above local terrain height [m] dm distance between the mobile and the building h0 typically height of a building above local terrain height [m] lhbbase station antenna height above local terrain height [m] rgreat circle distance between base station and mobile [m] R=r x 10-3 great circle distance between base station and mobile [km] f carrier frequency [Hz] fc=f x 10-6 carrier frequency [MHz] ? free space wavelength [m] This model is fairly simple so it is used for a large number of situations. The distance calculation is easy from this model using known path loss in pre-defined environment. The mobile will be located anywhere on the circle of estimated distance with centre at base station. A minimum of three base stations are used for such measurements. Ideally the three circles will intersect at a single point. This point will be the position of mobile station. The triangulation technique is used to find the intersection coordinates of circles. Time of Arrival: Although CGI provides the position of mobile station yet the accuracy is not sufficient for many purposes. To improve accuracy the time of arrival method is used. It gives good results than CGI in most of the situations. A number of algorithms describing time of arrival method are in literature. Each of them has some advantages and some short comings. Also each algorithm works best under some specific conditions e.g. in line of sigh t (LOS) or non-line of sight (NLOS) conditions. A good algorithm which gives acceptable results in many situations is A Constrained Least Squares Approach to Mobile Positioning: Algorithms and Optimality. This algorithm uses a least square approach to estimate position of mobile station. The distance between mobile station and base station is estimated by using the fact that signals travel in free space at a speed equal to speed of light. Thus mathematically, Di =Ti / c i = 1, 2 N Where D is the estimated distance, T is the TOA measurement, i denote the number of base station and c is the speed of light. The mobile station will be located anywhere on the circle with radius D centered at base station i. Same TOA measurements are performed by at least three base stations. The position of mobile will be the intersection of three circles. Ideally this will be a single point. But in practice, due to multipath propagation and fading, it will give a small area. The mobile station will be located in this area. To reduce positioning error the algorithm uses a least square error approach. Thus the distance between every point in that area and each mobile station is calculated. The point where the sum of squares of distances is minimized will be the estimated position of mobile station. To get TOA measurements, base station and mobile station must be synchronized properly or there must be a reference point. Thus a strict timing requirement is necessary. Angle of Arrival: In LOS conditions this method is the best to use. A number of algorithms describing this method are in literature. All of these algorithms require a dominant LOS path to correctly perform angle of arrival measurements at base station. Thus this method is best in open areas and suburban areas. In dense urban environment this technique produces severe errors due to NLOS and multipath propagation. A number of algorithms are studied in detail. A good algorithm is A Constrained Least Squares Approach to Mobile Positioning: Algorithms and Optimality. It produces results with acceptable accuracy. According to this algorithm, to perform angle of arrival measurements, base station must be provided with multiple antenna arrays. A minimum of two base stations will be required to perform such measurements. The signal from mobile station will reach base station at a certain angle with horizontal axis. This angle can be measured by base station using antenna arrays. Mathematically, it is given by tan (fi) =(y yi / x xi) , i = 1, 2, . . . , M. The angle of arrival measurement from one base station will result in a straight line. This line is also called Line of Bearing (LOB). It will be at a certain angle between horizontal axis and base station. The mobile will be located any where on the LOB. A similar measurement will be done using another involved base station. It will result in producing another angle of arrival or LOB. The point where the two line of bearing interse cts will be the position of mobile station. Ideally two lines will intersect at a unique point. However, practically they may not intersect at a point. In this situation the angle of arrival method need further measurements from other involved base station. This method produces very accurate results in LOS situation. However, the results depend critically on the measured angle. Thus a very small error in angle measurement may lead to positioning error of hundreds of meters. Another disadvantage is the cost of this method. It requires antenna arrays at each base station to measure AOA. Hence cost of implementation increases. Time Difference of Arrival: The time difference of arrival uses the difference in arrival times of signals at a pair of base stations. The time difference of arrival measurements are done with reference to primary base station. A good algorithm in literature is the Performance Comparison of TOA and TDOA Based Location Estimation Algorithms in LOS Env ironment. It explains the working of different types of TDOA approach. It also compares the performance of each of the type. However it uses a LOS approach. In open areas LOS assumption is valid but in heavily populated urban areas this assumption is invalid. Another good algorithm which explains the TDOA measurements is is A Constrained Least Squares Approach to Mobile Positioning: Algorithms and Optimality . In this algorithm, the primary (Serving) base station is the reference base station. The time of arrival measurements are performed using the reference base station. Thus the estimated distance between mobile station and reference base station is d1 and that of mobile station and a neighbouring base station is di. Thus the TDOA measurements are given by, d1 = t1 / c di = ti / c, i = 2,3 .. N Where d1 is the distance between mobile station and reference (primary) base station and di are the distances between mobile station and other three neighbouring base stati ons. The TDOA measurement between reference and second base station is given by TDOA= d1-di i = 2,3, .N This will be the error free TDOA measurement at a pair of base stations. The measurement including error is given by; TDOA= (d1 di) + error The error is modelled as a Gaussian distributed random variable with zero-mean. Such measurements are taken from at least three pairs of base stations. The triangulation technique is then employed to get the position of mobile station. The TDOA method is superior to time of arrival (TOA) in sense that it eliminates the need for timing reference. Thus it is easy to implement. Due to no timing requirement TDOA method is more frequently used than TOA method. Database correlation method: Despite of a number of algorithm which perform fairly well in urban areas there is still a need to further improve it. Due to severe multipath and fading effects LOS assumption is not valid in urban areas. The Database Correlation Method is a go od method to counter effect multi path and fading. It can be implemented by utilizing the measurements performed in existing GSM systems. It can be implemented by making Signal Strength as a parameter. A ggod algorithm to implement Database Correlation Method is Database Correlation Method for GSM Location by Heikki Laitinen, Jaakko Lahteenmaki, Tero Nordstrom'. In this algorithm the DCM is implemented by using signal strength measurements performed by handset. The algorithm explains the way database correlation method can be implemented in GSM. The measurements performed in the coverage area are performed by mobile station and are stored in database. Thus the database will consists pre-measured samples of signal measurements in the coverage location. When the need to locate mobile station arises, the primary base station asks mobile station to perform signal strength measurements and feedback to it. The BS sends these measurements to location server. The location server then calcul ates the difference between stored fingerprint and actual measurement. The point where the difference between fingerprint and actual measurement is minimum will be the estimated position of mobile station. The estimated position will also contain some error in it due to fading, NLOS path and multipath propagation. However this error will be drastically less than the error in other techniques applied under same conditions. The database correlation method has the advantage that it can be implemented in any type of system like GSM, CDMA,UMTS,etc. References: Network-Based Wireless Location IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE JULY 2005 A New Time-Based Algorithm for Positioning Mobile Terminals in Wireless NetworksIsrael Martin-Escalona and Francisco Barcelo-Arroyo, EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing Mobile Positioning Using Wireless NetworksIEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE JULY 2005 Path loss models S-72.333 Physical layer methods in wireless communication systems Sylvain Ranvier / Radio Laboratory / TKK 23 November 2004 Performance Comparison of TOA and TDOA Based Location Estimation Algorithms in LOS Environment Guowei Shen, Rudolf Zetik, and Reiner S. Thoma A Constrained Least Squares Approach to Mobile Positioning: Algorithms and Optimality K.W. Cheung,1 H. C. So,1 W.-K.Ma,2 and Y. T. Chan3 Database Correlation Method for GSM Location Heikki Laitinen, Jaakko Lahteenmaki, Tero Nordstrom