Federal Governmental System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1183 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Federalism Essay Did you like this example? Federalism is a division of power between a central government and smaller regional government. Both levels of government share authority over their citizens. In the United States federalism can be seen in the distribution of powers between the federal government and state governments (Magleby, Light and Nemacheck, 2015). This duality is mandated and protected by the United States Constitution. The Framers of the Constitution recognized that the United States covered a vast area and consisted of a very diverse group of people. Therefore, they needed state governments to have some control to adapt to the unique situations that may occur. Framers also knew that a division of power between the federal government and the states would keep the federal government from obtaining too much power, which could potentially be abused (Magleby, Light and Nemacheck, 2015). Additionally, the state and local governments were closer to the people, where local citizens could participate and interact with the government. This also provided a training ground for future national politicians, allowing them to gain experience before running for federal offices (Magleby, Light and Nemacheck, 2015). Lastly, federalism encouraged each state to experiment with policy and democracy, in what Justice Brandeis called â€Å"laboratories of democracy† (Magleby, Light and Nemacheck, 2015). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Federal Governmental System" essay for you Create order This concept of a â€Å"laboratories of democracy† refers to each state being able to implement different policies and legislation based on their unique problems, needs, desires and culture. Current United States Federal Judge Sutton writes, â€Å"Fifty imperfect solutions—each grounded in constitutional guarantees the States have chosen for themselves, crafted to meet the peculiar needs of each State, and implemented by accountable state officials—are almost certainly superior to one imperfect solution. (White, 2018). Furthermore, states can learn from one another about what policies are effective and which are not. Other states or even the nation can adopt successful legislation. Additionally, if policies are ineffective or have negative effects on citizens, these policies are limited to only impact one state instead of the entire nation (Gardener, 1996). However, it should be noted that states must still operate within the rules of their own Consti tution and the United States Constitution. Additionally, despite the term experiment, it is not a methodical process where two ideas are tested against one another to see which is better. Instead legislation is experimental because it may be unclear what the consequences, especially unintended consequences may be (Gardener, 1996). There is a hope that legislation will solve a problem, improve life, better the economy or right a social wrong in the state but the actual result is unknown (Gardener, 1996). Experimentation has been successful in many cases. Massachusetts was the first state to experiment with universal health care, something that has now been adapted at a national level. New York was the first to pass common core in education, with an emphasis own universal curriculum standards, something was eventually adapted by almost every state. Wisconsin pioneered Welfare to Work programs, which is now a national policy (Magleby, Light and Nemacheck, 2015). Experimentation can go also very wrong. States over turn their own laws on a regular basis, especially those revolving around tax rates. Additionally, states can attempt to pass laws that impede the rights of a group of citizens due to cultural pressure from the population, despite this being forbidden by the Constitution. Examples of this are the Jim Crow laws in the south that established segregation or more recently, state bans on gay marriage (White, 2018). In these cases, laws were challenged through the judicial system and eventually overturned by the United States Supreme Court. State experimentation continues to today. Oregon, Colorado, Arizona and other states are attempting to boost voter turnout by having the option to mail in ballots for elections. Four states have recently legalized marijuana. California has some of the strictest environmental protection laws (Greeve, 2001). States are experimenting with immigration policies on both ends of the spectrum. In these cases, each state is passing legislation based on the unique needs and wants of their people. States who are considering such legislation may wait and see the effectiveness of the legislation currently in use and may learn from their mistakes. Conversely, other states may not want these laws to be passed and are instead focused on other issues based upon their own needs and wants, allowing each state to adapt to their own micro culture. As the â€Å"laboratories of democracy† examples show, federalism is not always positive. For example, it can be difficult to determine if the state or federal government is responsible for an issue. This may cause delays in responses to issues, problems or crises (Magleby, Light and Nemacheck, 2015). Division of power can also make it difficult to hold elected officials accountable, as again it can be unclear who is responsible or at fault for an issue. Layers of government can also cause redundancies, inefficiencies and inequalities, making government less productive and effective (Magleby, Light and Nemacheck, 2015). Lastly, the lack of uniformity in laws can create conflict between states or between states and the national government. This is especially true with social laws that may express very different views compared to other regions of the nation. The above examples of the Jim Crow laws and gay marriage bans are specific examples (Magleby, Light and Nemachec k, 2015). These both cause social unrest, protesting and in some cases violence. Not all governments are federalist. In fact unitary systems of government are the most common. Under this system all governmental power resides at the national level. The national government can delegate power to smaller units as it sees fit and can also remove that delegated power at any time (Magleby, Light and Nemacheck, 2015). The United Kingdom, Japan, Italy, and China are examples of countries with unitary systems of government (Magleby, Light and Nemacheck, 2015). Unitary systems are more efficient and cut through some of the red tape. However, errors in policy impact the entire nation and can be devastating. Additionally, there is more potential for power to be abused in this type of system. This unfortunately happens frequently in Africa. No governmental system is perfect. In fact the Framers of the Constitution were counting on this imperfection to keep tyranny and absolute power from occurring. Federalism is effective in the United States because we are diverse culture where each state has their own economy, culture, need and wants. By allowing each state to experiment with their own policies, states can learn from one another and chose legislation that best fits their micro culture. The Supreme Court can overrule laws that prohibit the rights of others, again keeping the balance of power in place. References: Gardener, J. (1996) The States-as-Laboratories Metaphor in State Constitutional Law, Valparaiso Law Review, Vol 30, Number 2. Pages 475-491. Retrieved from: https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/httpsredir=1article=1888context=vulr Greve, M. (2001, March 21) Laboratories of Democracy: Anatomy of a Metaphor. American Enterprise Institute. Retrieved from: https://www.aei.org/publication/laboratories-of-democracy/print/ Magleby, D., Light, P. and Nemacheck, C. (2015) Government by the People: 2014 Elections and Updates Edition. Boston, MA: Pearson. White, Adam (2018, June 8) Laboratories of Liberty. The Weekly Standard. Retrieved from: https://www.weeklystandard.com/adam-j-white/laboratories-of-liberty

Literary Elements Of Power In William Goldings Lord Of...

In the allegorical novel Lord of the Flies, the author, William Golding uses elements of heat to portray how humans are naturally evil and without guidance and rules will turn to savages. From the heat of the boys first day on the island, to the foreshadowing of Jack and his tribe splitting, and finally to the hunt of Ralph and setting the whole island on fire, Golding uses subtle literary elements to display his underlying themes. Even though Golding uses the elements of heat to describe the natural elements of the island, he also incorporates the heat of the boys hunts and the cold of Ralph and Piggy being deserted by Jack and his tribe to further depict his messages. In the beginning of the novel, Golding describes†¦show more content†¦We’re beaten†(125). Jack is angry with Ralph because Ralph is only concerned about the signal fire and not the â€Å"beast† , while Jack is concerned about the beast and safety. Jack suggests his hunters to hunt the beas t instead of hiding from it and Ralph sneers back â€Å"boys armed with sticks†(125). The tension comes to such a point that Jack storms off and says â€Å" Im not going to play any longer, not with you†(127). The heat between Jack and Ralph has now escalated to a point where Jack has left the group and gone off on his own, even though Ralph is convinced he will come back. After Jack storms off and says that anyone who wants to join him can. Although no one does at first, eventually boys start to follow Jack and join his â€Å"tribe†. When Piggy is killed by Roger, Rallph was at a loss of words â€Å"Ralph’s lips formed a word but no sound came’’(181). The killing of Piggy gives Jack power not only because Piggy was Ralph’s last friend, but also because he strikes fear into Ralph â€Å"See? See? That’s what you’ll get! I mean that!†(181). Just as Piggy is killed, Jack hurls a spear at Ralph, showing his true sav agry and distance from civilization and mankind. Jack organizes a hunt for Ralph along the whole island, and plans to catch and kill Ralph by setting the island on fire â€Å" behind him a column of smoke rose thickly, so that Ralph’s nostrils flared and his mouth dribbled†(183). The action of Jack and his tribeShow MoreRelatedLord Of The Flies : Representation Of Violence And War1611 Words   |  7 PagesLord Of The Flies: Representation Of Violence and War Dietrich Bonhoeffer, a German theologian, states that â€Å" The ultimate test of a moral society is the kind of world that it leaves to its children.† In William Golding’s Lord Of The Flies, societal topics run rampant throughout the text with Golding’s use of individuals to represent different aspects of society. Many writers view the Lord Of The Flies as an allegory, as societal topics such as politics make appearances throughout the text. InRead More Struggle Between Good and Evil in William Goldings Lord of the Flies1186 Words   |  5 PagesThe Struggle Between Good and Evil in William Goldings Lord of the Flies   Ã‚  Ã‚   Evil is not an external force controlled by the devil, but rather the potential for evil resides within each person. Man has the potential to exhibit great kindness or to rape and pillage. In the novel Lord of the Flies, William Golding deals with this evil that exists in the heart of man. With his mastery of such literary tool as structure, syntax, diction, point of view and presentation of character, GoldingRead MoreTheme Of Lord Of The Flies And The Guide Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesMD. Moazzam Hossain ID NO. 133013040 ENG 302 The Novel-1 Submitted to: Ms Arifa Rahaman Date: 09.12.2015 Theme of ‘Lord of The Flies’ and ‘The Guide’ ‘Lord of the flies’(1954) and ‘The guide’(1958) are the two novels written by famous novelists William Golding and R.K. Narayan. ‘Lord of the Flies’ portrays the story of a group of British boys trapped on an abandoned island who try to administrate themselves with catastrophic results and On the other side, R.K. Narayan quite consciouslyRead MoreEssay on Lord of the Flies by William Golding954 Words   |  4 Pages William Golding explores the vulnerability of society in a way that can be read on many different levels. A less detailed look at the book, Lord of the Flies, is a simple fable about boys stranded on an island. Another way to comprehend the book is as a statement about mans inner savage and reverting to a primitive state without societies boundaries. By examining the Lord of the Flies further, it is revealed that many themes portray Golding’s views, including a religious persecution theme. GoldingRead MoreLiterary Elements In William Goldings Lord Of The Flies1340 Words   |  6 Pagescloak it.† In this quote, Ralph finds the answer to his question, as well as the overarching theme in Lord of the Flies. Golding utilizes a wide variety of literary elements to hint at what he wants the theme to be. However, one element is clearly superior to the others in its support of the novel’s overall theme. In Lord of the Flies, William Golding’s use of motifs is the most effective literary element in revealing the paramount theme of the novel: that removal from society directly causes a de-evolutionRead MoreDissecting the Ideology of Satire Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pagesexaggeration or ridicule (Satire - Definition and Examples, para.1). Often times, the humor used opens the audiences’ minds to the underlying problem that the writer is trying to reveal. By examining the purpose and methods of satire, dissecting literary works, and displaying examples in the media, satire is shown to be a valuable tool. Purpose and methods of satire Satire can take on many different forms, but still convey the same meaning. Techniques such as grotesque humor, irony, inflation/diminutionRead MoreEssay on Symbolism in William Goldings Lord of the Flies1214 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies renders either through a character, intention, or theme. The author uses these symbols to have a greater impact on the readers’ interpretation of the novel, rather than merely revealing the idea. First and foremost, the beast and its several manifestations are few of the many signs that support deeper meanings. Furthermore, there is Piggy, one with intelligence and responsibility and one very important symbol. Finally, there are the two fires whichRead MoreHoratian and Juvenalian Satire1884 Words   |  8 PagesHoratian and Juvenalian Satire Satire has many definitions, but according to Merriam Webster satire can be defined as â€Å"A literary work holding up human vices and follies to ridicule or scorn† (Webster). This definition is likely used by many authors who exercise the application of satire. Satire has been in literature since ancient times; it is derived from the Latin satura, meaning dish of mixed fruits, (Weisgerber). Many satirists have shared a common aim: to expose foolishness in all its guisesRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding1946 Words   |  8 PagesLord of the Flies, William Golding’s famous novel, reveals the influence that personal advantage can convey in human decisions. The novel describes the diversity in the fundamentals and corruption of power, exemplifying the lure of personal advantage in contrast to a moral sense. When first on the island, the boys held a common view of order and leadership, in which they gravitated to the evidence of classical social order they fou nd in Ralph. As time progressed the group of boys stranded on theRead MoreRelationship Between Politics And Literature2000 Words   |  8 PagesThe relationship between politics and literature has been an interesting field of study. Irving Howe, whose Politics and the Novel is considered the locus classics on the subject, caste, â€Å"more than enough skepticism on the impulse to assign literary levels† and calls his book Politics and the Novel, but not Political Novel. Among the definitions supplied by different critics to the ‘political novel’, Irving appears to be ‘viable’ and also ‘radical’. He defines:, By a political novel I mean a novel

Colombian Immigration to America Free Essays

Colombian Immigration to America Nicole University Of Phoenix ETH/125 Katherine Ruberto In the early nineteenth century the first known Colombian immigrants settled in New York City. Among these immigrants were nurses, accountants, lab technicians, and pharmacists. The Colombian Civil War called â€Å"La Violencia† of 1948 where more than 250,000 people were killed in total after the popular presidential candidate Jorge Eliecer Gaitan was assassinated forced many to flee Colombia and settle in America. We will write a custom essay sample on Colombian Immigration to America or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ongoing struggle with Colombia’s government and the recession also pushed many Colombians to migrate. Between 1960 and 1977 about 116,000 Colombians came to America. Because of the signing of the Immigration Act of 1965, Colombians as well as other potential immigrants of other countries were brought to a halt when there was a limit placed on how many visas were handed out. The fact that visas were limited to only 20,000 visas per country a year along with the high unemployment rate in Colombia put pressure on many families. Colombians that were able to come to America on a temporary based visa became illegal because they stayed beyond the allotted time. As a result the rate of undocumented immigration soared: estimates of those living in the country without permanent residency status ranged from 250,00 to 350,000 in the mid 1970s† (Sturner, n. d. ). The Immigration Act of 1965 was later revised to allow more visas to be issued. Colombians settled throughout the country in areas such as New York, New Jersey, Chicago, San Francisco, Houston, and Washington D. C. The late 70s and early 80s brought many Colombians to Miami, Fl. that is a city that thrives on Hispanic cultures and is very accepting of immigrants. Miami is a city that most people will speak Spanish before they even speak English, so for immigrants this allowed them to communicate and learn skills easier than in other parts of the country. The 80’s and the 90s proved to be a tough time for Colombians. America became more advanced technology wise, therefore the work immigrants performed was no longer needed. Another factor hitting Colombians hard was the recession of 1981. Americans felt that immigrants were a financial burden on the country and it became a pressing issue. As the Guerilla violence escalated in Colombia more Colombians fled to America. During that time, my mother had been traveling to New York to visit her father and I was born there practically by accident because I was suppose to be born in Colombia. My family suffered a tragedy when two of my uncles were murdered and we received threats not to go to the police or they would take every family member out. I am the only one from my family that was born a U. S. citizen, but I recall when my mother would have to tell people that I was an American Citizen in order to receive my health care and other things. It was like people looked at me differently because I had a Colombian last name. When I was young my mother made it a point that I learn English since I was about four years old because she knew that America was very discriminating against those that do not speak English. My mother knew first hand how limiting it is to have a degree in another country that is not worth anything here. My grandmother was a detective in Colombia, yet when we came here she had to clean houses because that career was worthless here. Because we came during the escalating drug war that was going on, we did feel that people stereotyped us. Even today when I tell people where I am from, they say an ignorant comment about my country and the drug that it is mostly connected to. People do not know how many lives and families were innocently ruined because of a war that is uncontrollable and is still going strong today. Because of the resentment from the American Society felt towards immigrants Proposition 187 was passed which denied health care, education, and other services to undocumented immigrants. In 1999 the federal court ruled that Proposition 187 was unconstitutional and their decision was not appealed by the state of California. I would say that I culturally identify with my Hispanic roots because it is attached to my family. We all want to preserve our family roots and values so that we can pass them on to our future generation. When my family comes together we cook Hispanic food and listen to Spanish music. Colombians are known to speak the best form of Spanish, which is known as â€Å"Castellano† and we have a heavy accent. For my family it has always been important that we preserve the language since we are around many other Hispanics and we tend to pick up their form of Spanish. In â€Å"Castellano† the words that we use are very different from the Spanish that a Cuban or Dominican would use. I love the American mainstream culture because I have spent the majority of my life here and grew up listening to Britney Spears, and watching Boy Meets World, and Full House. America is a great country for opportunity and although I was born here, whenever anyone asks me where I am from, I always smile proudly and say, â€Å"I am Colombian. Reference Page †¢Berube, Myriam. (November 2005). (Online) Migration Information Source. Available http://www. migrationinformation. org/Profiles/display. cfm? ID=344 (Retrieved Dec 4, 2011) †¢Sturner, Pamela n. d. (Online) Colombian Americans. Available http://www. everyculture. com/multi/Bu-Dr/Colombian-Americans. html#b †¢(Retrieved Dec 4,2011) †¢Colombia’s Civil War (Online) PBS. Available http://www. pbs. org/newshour/bb/latin_america/colombia/timeline. html (Retrieved Dec 4, 2011) How to cite Colombian Immigration to America, Papers

Oedipus the King Analysis Essay Example For Students

Oedipus the King Analysis Essay Oedipus HamartiaAristotle once said that a heros downfall must be a result of some tragic flaw within the character. This flaw was known as hamartia in the Greek world of Aristotle. Since Aristotle greatly admired Oedipus the King, many people believe that Oedipus must have had a prominent and complex hamartia. Discovering Oedipus hamartia within the play is not an easy task. In fact, it is impossible to point out Oedipus hamartia since I do not believe that he has one. Everything that he says or does throughout the play is justifiable in one way or another. There is always some logical explanation behind his thoughts and actions and, thus, Oedipus does not have a tragic flaw in his character. There are a number of different points that one can analyze and claim to be Oedipushamartia. For instance, some people may examine Oedipus bad temper and label this as the flaw that leads to his downfall. Oedipus becomes enraged at Teiresias claim that he is the one who murdered Laius and he begins to believe that this is an attempt by Creon to overthrow him. Despite Oedipus anger in this situation, his reaction can be justified. First of all, Teiresias allegation that Oedipus is the killer is absurd to him since he would never murder a king. Also, it seems logical that Creon would be behind such a scheme since he would be next in line to the throne. Therefore, Oedipus bad temper cannot be considered his hamartia. Another characteristic of Oedipus that some people tend to refer to as his hamartia is his murderous temperament. One can see this side of Oedipus when he recounts the story in which he killed the old man in the wagon as well as a few of the mans servants. However, Oedipus murderous rage was completely justified in this situation. After all, the old man and his servants were trying to throw Oedipus off the road by brute force. Oedipus, in a sense, was merely defending himself from these men and killed them only out of self-defense and rage. Hence, Oedipus murderous temperament cannot be his tragic flaw. Some people even believe that Oedipus hamartia was carelessness. Surely anyone told about killing his father and sleeping with his mother would have avoided killing any man and sleeping with any woman. Oedipus, on the other hand, did kill a man and he did sleep with a woman. Therefore, some critics believe that he was careless. Oedipus, however, was completely careful in that he did everything in his will to get away from his parents. The only problem was that the parents he knew all his life were not his true parents. But this cannot be considered Oedipusfault nor can carelessness be viewed as his hamartia. There are two other points that may be considered to be Oedipus tragic flaw. One deals with his possible pride and arrogance. Some people think that he is overly proud about his success with the Sphinx. This cannot be true, however, because he includes himself in the curse he made and is more than anxious to find the truth. The other point is Oedipus fatal curiosity which led to his inquiry into matters (Laius death) that might have been best left unexplored. This can hardly be considered a flaw by either the Greeks of ancient times or by people today. The truth is out there and although it may be unpalatable or dangerous, it is better than ignorance. In conclusion, Oedipus the king of Thebes does not have a hamartia in the play. All of his emotions and actions throughout the play are completely justified and, thus, he doesnt possess a tragic flaw. Simply because a hero suffers a dreadful downfall, it does not necessarily result from his own faults.

Sociology of Health and Illness Essay Example

Sociology of Health and Illness Essay The state of our health is very important to us, we spend a lot of time and money on trying to stay healthy, but what do we mean by Health? The world Health Organisation (WHO) describes health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being which is more than just the absence of disease.When we think of health and illness, there is a general conception that it involves health habits such as exercise and eating the right food, as well as institutions such as hospitals and doctors. In Western societies it is commonly accepted that if we are ill it is a result of an infectious disease that can be cured by modern medicine, or is a result of genetics or lifestyle choices. Sociologists propose a different cause. They examine patterns within society, and they seek social rather than biological answers and suggest that the differences in health and illness between different groups within society are influenced by social, economic, cultural and political factors. It is from thes e observations that sociologists have concluded, health is unevenly distributed in a systematic way.Social class has always been a fundamental concept in medical sociology, demonstrating its empirical value for the understanding of ‘health chances’ for the individual ever since the early years of this century when Stevenson constructed a classification based on father’s occupation for the purpose of analysing infant mortality in England and Wales. In the past, however, medical sociologists have been criticised for an atheoretical use of class. Medical sociology, and especially the ‘inequality in health’ debate, have thus been criticised as being isolated from developments in wider sociology. (Fitzpatrick, 2004, 199-202) The objective of this paper, however, is to document how this is changing. It is argued that, currently, medical sociology is both taking note of contemporary theory of class and contributing to it. This is occurring largely through a n attempt to incorporate the concept of time. Health is a characteristic where time cannot be ignored: the sociology of health is concerned with birth and death, ageing and the life course, becoming ill and getting better, moving through both personal and historical trajectories. Health is neither simply a characteristic of the individual nor an event, but their meeting as they come together in biography. Thus health is a topic which adds in a special way to both structure and action as they are conceived of in the theory of class.This observation has been linked to class, gender, race, ethnicity and geographical location, in understanding why certain groups experience significantly different rates of illness. The sociology of health and illness is concerned with the social origins of and influences on disease, rather than the professional interests of medicine that examine health and illness from its biological development and regards illness as a malfunction of the human body. (Wi lkinson, 1999, 391-412) The social theory of health and illness is critical of the medical model and treats concepts of health and illness as highly problematic and political. It also gives special attention to how patients experience and express their distress when ill, but is critical of the ideal of the so-called sick roles. It argues that modern societies are primarily concerned with illness because of the emphasis that the medical professions have placed on it. Finally, the social approach has been critical of the medicalisation of social problems, such as lifestyle illness, like stress (Abercrombie, Hill, 2001, p. 337).Our ideas about what health and illness are have been shaped by the influence of contemporary medicine. It has been given high priority by British society with many industries being built around it whose main goals are not only health but also profit. However health and illness is far more than just medicine and medical treatments. Health and illness is closely linked to social structures and economic forces that go a long way to determining our health and our access to health resources. (Drever, 2001, 93-100) Health is linked inversely to income, with the poor generally suffering from worse health and limited health care as compared with the wealthier who tend to have better health and far greater access to health care.( Mensah, 2002, 1-7) Deficiency diseases such as Rickets and Scurvy are caused due to a lack of certain vitamins or minerals in the diet. Self-Inflicted diseases such as Lung Cancer, Alcohol Abuse, Anorexia and Bulimia are caused by peoples lifestyles, environment and maybe lack of education and awareness.( Smith, 1999, 10-12)We are concerned with infectious diseases, sexually transmitted diseases and lifestyle diseases. All the diseases that fit under one of the above titles can be reduced or even eradicated, if humans change their attitudes and behaviours towards them. Below is a list of some of the diseases that humans p ass on to one another or threw lifestyle:Impetigo Alcohol AbuseGonorrhea Drug AbuseSyphilis Food PoisoningInfluenza ChickenpoxMeasles PolioDiet HerpesTuberculosis Heart DiseaseHIV/AIDS ColdsCholera ChlamydiaLung Cancer Cold SoresIllegal Drugs HepatitisGlandular Fever ImpetigoSkin Cancer ScabiesSome of the diseases listed above are more fatal than others, but they all affect our health one way or another. In third world countries the number of infected is the highest, this may be due to the lack of sex, health education, poverty and living conditions. (Mili, 2003, 160-66)In the U.K we are still contracting HIV/AIDS, why is this? We all have access to free protection (condoms), and we have all been educated to the risks and dangers of HIV/AIDS threw some sort of media form. But still we continue to spread the disease, could this be cause our attitudes towards it is it wont happen to me or have we a lack of self respect? Many non-infectious diseases are a result of the lifestyle people are either forced or choose to lead, for example: the diet they eat, to smoke or not to smoke, or to use illegal drugs or not. Theses diseases are self-inflicted as they are well within our control. Some factors to why we inflict theses diseases upon ourselves may be a lack of awareness, addiction, social class also living conditions.( Davey, 1997, 547-52)There have been extensive changes in the world of production, with the decline in manufacturing industry. The middle classes have not only increased in size, in both absolute and relative terms, but have also become more differentiated. There has been a shrinkage of the wage labour society, through extended education, earlier retirement, shorter hours, and the development of part-time, shared, and contract work. The boundaries between work and non-work become more fluid, with flexible forms of employment and domestic and wage labour less clearly separated. There is a shortening of the proportion of the lifespan spent in work. Risi ng living standards, a decline in the influence of traditional institutions, and the erosion of traditional status orders, have all been implicated in the changing meaning of class. (Davey, 1998, 934-39)These practical problems of applying RG Social Class, and doubts about the continuing validity of the system, have caused increasing unease about using class as an explanatory variable in health. In the field of inequality of health, for instance, class continues, despite all the problems noted above, to be a useful descriptive variable, but it offers little to explanation, to the identification of the factors which cause social variation. There is no clarity about what RG Social Class actually measures, or with what accuracy. (Davey, 1994, 131-44) The basis is officially described as level of occupational skill, implicitly presumed to be associated with both a material, economic dimension and a status dimension. The conflation has been criticised by Weberians and Marxists alike. In fact, rather little attention has been paid by theoretical sociologists to mapping either changing rewards or shifting prestige in RG classes over time, since in the wider sociological arena it is preferred to dismiss the simple RGSC I-V altogether. It is only medical sociology which has remained to some extent tied to the system because of its use for census and mortality data. (Eyler, 2002, 23-30)Emotions lie at the juncture of a number of classical and contemporary debates in sociology including the micro-macro divide, positivism versus anti-positivism, quantitative versus quantitative, prediction versus description, managing versus accounting for emotions, and biosocial versus social constructionist perspectives. (Hill, 2001, 329-36) Temptation to overstretch their explanatory frames of reference (i.e. move to the other extreme of the organic-social spectrum). Indeed, a purely constructionist perspective in the sociology of emotions, as Armstrong, Â  rightly argues: ignores bio logical process and presents a disembodied view of human emotions. The relationship between body and emotions are not resolved by ignoring the body’s relevance or by viewing emotions simply as cognitive products’ (1995:404). ‘Going beyond’ the biological, in short, does not mean ignoring it altogether. Rather, it necessitates a more intricate model than organismic theorists or social constructionists propose of how social and cognitive influences ‘join’ physiological ones in the genesis of human emotions.( Higgs, 1998,45-50)Emotions are embodied experiences; ones which radiate through the body as a lived structure of on-going experience and centrally involve self-feelings which constitute the inner core of emotionality. For individuals to understand their own lived emotions, they must experience them socially and reflectively. It is here at the intersection between emotions as embodied experiences, their socially faceted nature, and their link s with feelings of selfhood and personal identity, that a truly sociological perspective and understanding of emotions can most fruitfully be forged. (Bury, 2002, 167-82) Building on these insights, Emotions are best seen as complexes rather than things; ones which are multi- rather than uni-dimensional in their composition. (Blane, 1993, 1-15) Â  Emotions, he suggests, arise within social relationships, yet display a corporeal embodied aspect as well as a socio-cultural one; something which, in turn, is linked to techniques of the body learned within a social habitus.The pursuit of health has become an important activity, especially for the American middle class. Millions of people have become concerned about their health and have changed their behaviour in order to protect or improve it. Millions more continue to act as always or with minor changes but now with awareness that such behaviour puts them ‘at risk’. In either case, health has become an important topic in everyday conversation, reflecting an extraordinary expansion of medical, political, and educative discourses about health hazards and ways to protect individuals and populations against them. There are several kinds of health discourse. Health promotion means the set of discourses and practices concerned with individual behaviours, attitudes, dispositions or lifestyle choices said to affect health. Protecting and improving individual health appear to be prototypical acts of practical reason and personal responsibility—a matter of common sense. The appearance is based on the assumption that, given accurate medical information about hazards to health and naturally desiring to live a long life free from debilitating disease, the rational person will act to avoid unnecessary dangers and adopt healthy behaviours. Yet, there is a parallel appearance. No matter how much or how little is undertaken in the name of health, we all know that the attempt falls short. Health promotion is a n imperfect practice, an experience of conflicting urges and varied outcomes. Few of us live consistently healthy lifestyles and those who approach that ideal seem to be engaged in an unhealthy obsession. In short, we are both ambivalent and inconsistent in following the rules of health.

The Gift of the Magi and its Background Essays

The Gift of the Magi and its Background Essays The Gift of the Magi and its Background Essay The Gift of the Magi and its Background Essay In my paper I am traveling to be depicting the short narrative The Gift of the Magi. Throughout my paper I am traveling to depict what I feel is the subject of the narrative itself. I will besides be explicating and placing symbolism used and described in the narrative. every bit good as speaking about the point of position that the storyteller used in the narrative. Finally. I will be depicting how the literary elements affect the storytellers subject. The Gift of the Magi. is a short narrative written by O Henry. in this short narrative is the true significance of love and the importance it is to demo your loved 1s how much they mean to you and how much you care about them. I believe that the subject of the narrative. The Gift of the Magi. would be the gift of giving. Peoples frequently forget about the importance and giving and merely concentrate their attending on having. They are less likely to worry more about buying something for person else as they are disquieted about what person else is traveling to buy and give to them as a present. My expression on this is it is better to give than to have. In this narrative it is like how I feel and how I think around Christmas clip they do non believe about what their hubby or their married woman is traveling to be buying them as gifts this twelvemonth. They are merely focused on and concerned about purchasing each other the gift they believe is the perfect gift. They want to demo them how much they care about them. and even if it means turning in their prized ownerships they will make that in order to buy this gift for Christmas. It shows how difficult of a clip financially that Jim and Della were holding. Della merely had $ 1. 87 to her name to be able to buy her hubby Jim the gift she wanted to for Christmas and this was non traveling to go on. She knew that she was traveling to hold to sell her hair to be able to buy her hubby Jim’s ticker that she wanted to acquire him for Christmas. They. however. larn a batch about the nature of love and its relationship to giving. ( Clugston. 2010 p. 5. 5 ) . I believe that throughout the narrative there was a batch of symbolism that was used. Just to call a twosome that I feel is really of import portion of the narrative would be Della’s hair. and Jim’s ticker. These are really of import to each other and would be considered their most prized ownerships. I feel like they both use their ain point to typify love. They took it upon themselves to sell their prized ownerships in order to be able to buy the gift for each other for Christmas. They had to sell these in order to hold adequate money and to be able to financially buy the perfect gif they had found each other. This shows the existent love they had for each other. and besides shows unselfish love. The point of position this short narrative was told in was third-person limited omniscient. This point of position is used when the ideas and feelings throughout the narrative is focused on one of the characters alternatively of more than one. After reading. The Gift of the Magi. I think that the storyteller uses assorted literary elements to assist the reader better understand what the subject of the narrative is truly about. I believe that Della and Jim shows what love. generousness. and philistinism is truly approximately during this narrative. The author’s chief character he created was of beauty and emotion. Della appears to be really altruistic in the short narrative. She is non concerned about herself. but merely concerned about her hubby. I believe that the writer goes into really good item about the feelings and emotions of Della and Jim in the narrative so it will assist people who are reading it to be able to associate better to the narrative. When reading the narrative I could see times that I personally have difficult it difficult and it made me to be able to associate to the feelings that she was holding. I believe that the literary elements were used a batch during the narrative to truly merely give the reader a better understand of what they are reading. It is easier for a reader to be able to concentrate. focal point. and bask the narrative if they can associate to it. Mention Clugston. R. W. ( 2010 ) . Journey into Literature. San Diego. California: Bridgepoint Education. Inc.

Effective Cooperative Learning Strategies

Effective Cooperative Learning Strategies Cooperative learning is an effective way for students to learn and process information quickly with the help of others. The goal of using this strategy is for students to work together to achieve a common goal. It is essential that each student understands their cooperative learning group role. Here we will take a brief look at a few specific roles, expected behavior within that role, as well as how to the monitor groups. Assign Individual Roles to Help Students Stay on Task Assign each student a specific role within their group, this will help each student stay on task and help the overall group work more cohesively. Here are a few suggested roles: Task Master/Team LeaderThis role entails the student to make sure his/her group stays on task. Sample statements: Have we read the paragraph on George Washington yet? We need to move on, we only have ten minutes left.CheckerThe checkers role is to make sure that everyone agrees with an answer. A Sample statement may be, Does everyone agree with Jens answer on the year Washington was born?RecorderThe role of the recorder is to write down everyone in the groups responses once they have all agreed to them.EditorThe editor is responsible for correcting all of the grammatical errors and to check for neatness.GatekeeperThe role of this person can be described as the peacemaker. He/she must make sure that everyone is participating and getting along. Sample statement: Lets here from Brady now.PraiserThis role entails a student to encourage other students to share their ideas and to work hard. A sample statement may be, Great idea Reesa, but lets keep trying, we can do this. Responsibilities and Expected Behaviors in Groups An essential element of cooperative learning is for students to use their interpersonal skills in a group setting. In order for students to accomplish their task, each individual must communicate and work collectively (use the  talking chips strategy to control noise).  Here are a few of the expected behaviors and duties each student is responsible for: Expected behaviors within the group: Everyone must contribute to the taskEveryone must listen to others within the groupEveryone must encourage group members to participatePraise good ideasAsk for help when neededCheck for understandingStay on task Responsibilities for each individual: To tryTo askTo helpTo be politeTo praiseTo listenTo be present 4 Things to Do When Monitoring Groups In order to ensure that groups are working effectively and together to complete the task, the teachers role is to observe and monitor each group. Here are four specific things that you can do while circulating around the classroom. Give Feedback:  If the group is unsure on a specific task and needs help, give your immediate feedback and examples that will help reinforce their learning.Encourage and Praise:  When circulating the room, take the time to encourage and praise groups for their group skills.Reteach Skills:  If you notice that any group does not understand a particular concept, use this as an opportunity to reteach that skill.Learn About the Students:  Use this time to learn about your students. You may find that one role works for one student and not another. Record this information for future group work.